Field Sobriety Tests Breath tests Direct correlation between alcohol in the breath and alcohol in the blood stream

Field Sobriety Tests Horizontal gaze nystagmus test * involuntary jerking of eye as it moves from side to side----can’t be controlled Walk and turn or one leg stand

Collection and preservation of blood                                                                           Collection and preservation of blood Medically accepted conditions Nonalcoholic disinfectant Why? Preservation: airtight container AFTER anticoagulant + preservative added Need refrigeration- short storage time Post mortem: collect from different body sites Why? Vitreous humor or urine

Analysis of blood for alcohol: Gas chromotography; high degree of accuracy Oxidation of alcohol into acetaldehyde

Alcohol and the Law All states, possessions, DC  .08% -.10% .08% = 4 times as likely to have accident .15% = 25 times as likely to have accident 2000 = federal law .08% = intoxicated driving By 2003, states lost fed. funding if didn‘t comply Fed. Law = 0.04% for truckers/bus drivers Law = submit to alcohol test or lose license for 6-12 months

Other Countries Canada, Italy, Switz., U.K.  0.08% Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands  0.05% Sweden  0.02%

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Dependence Physical dependence occurs when the drug becomes necessary for their body to function normally. An addict attempting to quit all at once could potentially be harmed, or in some cases killed if not treated properly with medical attention sometimes required. Psychological dependence occurs when a person thinks they need a drug to function normally Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

Controlled Substances Act CSA, Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970 regulates the manufacture & distribution of narcotics, stimulants, depressants & hallucinogens Based on addictiveness and federal laws which make them illegal There are 5 schedules of drugs with I being the most addictive and V being the least. Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

Schedule Definition Examples I no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse Heroin, LSD, marijuana, ecstasy II high potential for abuse, leading to severe psychological or physical dependence cocaine, methamphetamine, Demerol, oxycodone, fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, & Ritalin III moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence Tylenol with codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone IV low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence Xanax, Darvocet, Valium V lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and consist of limited quantities of certain narcotics Robitussin AC, Lyrica

Schedule I Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Some examples of Schedule I drugs are: heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana (cannabis), 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy), methaqualone, and peyote From DEA Website 9/2016

Schedule II Schedule II drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous. Some examples of are: Combination products with less than 15 mg of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin), cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin FFrom DEA Website 9/2016

Schedule III Schedule III drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence. Schedule III drugs abuse potential is less than Schedule I and Schedule II drugs but more than Schedule IV. Some examples are: Products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with codeine), ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone From DEA Website 9/2016

Schedule IV Schedule IV drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence. Some examples of Schedule IV drugs are: Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien, Tramadol From DEA Website 9/2016

Schedule V Schedule V drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with lower potential for abuse than Schedule IV and consist of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. Schedule V drugs are generally used for antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes. Some examples are: cough preparations with less than 200 mg of codeine or per 100 milliliters (Robitussin AC), Lomotil, Motofen, Lyrica, Parepectolin From DEA Website 9/2016

Color Tests (Spot test) Done on a spot plate or in a test tube Normally destroys the sample Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Marquis 2% formaldehyde in sulfuric acid turns purple in the presence of most opium derivatives becomes orange-brown with amphetamines & methamphetamines Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 bsapp.com

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Microscopic Tests Morphology most commonly used with plant matter such as marijuana look for botanical features Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

Microcrystalline Tests Allows crystals of an unknown substance to grow to determine what type of drug it is The size & shape of the crystals are highly characteristic of the drug Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Gas Chromatography Comparison of Rf values between questioned and known drugs Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9

Spectrophotometry & Mass Spectrometry Spectrophotometry can be used for probable identification Mass Spec data can separate a complex mixture and then unequivocally identify each substance in the mixture Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9