A predominant Th1 type of immune response is induced early during acute Helicobacter pylori infection in rhesus macaques  Joseph J. Mattapallil, Satya Dandekar, Don R. Canfield, Jay V. Solnick  Gastroenterology  Volume 118, Issue 2, Pages 307-315 (February 2000) DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70213-7 Copyright © 2000 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Gastric inflammation observed in H. pylori infection of rhesus macaques. Histological examination of gastric mucosa from (A) uninfected animal (B) 1 week after H. pylori infection showing plasma cells, scattered neutrophils, and H. pylori organisms closely apposed to the epithelial surface of gastric pits. (C) Twelve weeks after infection; H. pylori accompanied by extensive inflammation. Bar = 100 μm (A–C). Gastroenterology 2000 118, 307-315DOI: (10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70213-7) Copyright © 2000 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Acute H. pylori infection led to an increased prevalence of CD3+CD4+ T cells in the gastric mucosa. Freshly isolated cells from the gastric mucosa and peripheral blood from uninfected controls and at 1 and 12 weeks after infection were stained for CD3, CD4, and CD8 and analyzed by 3-color flow cytometry. Bars represent mean values. Gastroenterology 2000 118, 307-315DOI: (10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70213-7) Copyright © 2000 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Acute H. pylori infection led to a predominantly proinflammatory and Th1 type of response in the gastric mucosa. The potential of gastric lamina propria CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to produce IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ was determined after short-term in vitro stimulation. Isolated cells were stained for cell surface expression of CD4 or CD8, fixed, permeabilized, and stained for intracellular production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ. The frequency of cytokine-producing T cells was determined as a percentage of gated CD4 and CD8 T cells. Bars represent mean values. Gastroenterology 2000 118, 307-315DOI: (10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70213-7) Copyright © 2000 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Peripheral blood T cells displayed a predominantly proinflammatory and Th1 type of response during acute H. pylori infection. The potential of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to produce IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ was determined after short-term in vitro stimulation. Isolated cells were stained for cell surface expression of CD4 or CD8, fixed, permeabilized, and stained for intracellular production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-γ. The frequency of cytokine-producing T cells was determined as a percentage of gated CD4 and CD8 T cells. Bars represent mean values. Gastroenterology 2000 118, 307-315DOI: (10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70213-7) Copyright © 2000 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Flow-cytometric analysis revealed that gastric CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were primed to produce IFN-γ but not IL-4 during acute H. pylori infection. The potential of gastric CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to produce IL-4 and IFN-γ was determined after short-term in vitro stimulation. Isolated cells were stained for cell surface expression of CD4 or CD8, fixed, permeabilized, and stained for intracellular production of IL-4 and IFN-γ. The frequency of IL-4– and IFN-γ–producing T cells is shown as a percentage of gated CD4 and CD8 T cells. P.I., post infection. Gastroenterology 2000 118, 307-315DOI: (10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70213-7) Copyright © 2000 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Acute H. pylori infection led to a predominantly proinflammatory type of immune response. The potential of gastric lamina propria and peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to produce TNF-α and MIP-1β was determined after short-term in vitro stimulation. Isolated cells were stained for cell surface expression of CD4 or CD8, fixed, permeabilized, and stained for intracellular production of TNF-α and MIP-1β. The frequency of TNF-α– and MIP-1β–producing T cells was determined as a percentage of gated CD4 and CD8 T cells. Bars represent mean values. Gastroenterology 2000 118, 307-315DOI: (10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70213-7) Copyright © 2000 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Flow-cytometric analysis of gastric lymphocytes revealed that (A) CD8+ T cells were the primary producers of MIP-1β and (B) CD4+ T cells were the primary producers of TNF-α. The potential of gastric CD4+ T cells to produce TNF-α and gastric CD8+ T cells to produce MIP-1β was determined after short-term in vitro stimulation. Isolated cells were stained for cell surface expression of CD4 or CD8, fixed, permeabilized, and stained for intracellular production of TNF-α and MIP-1β. The frequency of TNF-α– and MIP-1β–producing lymphocytes is shown as a percentage of gated lymphocytes. P.I., post infection. Gastroenterology 2000 118, 307-315DOI: (10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70213-7) Copyright © 2000 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions