Birds Birds and more Birds Marine Birds Birds Birds and more Birds

All about marine birds What do you know? Bird Facts Beak Variation and Uses Prey Capture methods Habitats and Flyways Wetlands and Birds Birds , Birds and More Birds Fun Facts Endangered Birds Quiz BALD EAGLE Endangered 4/27/2019 Click on Globe to return to this slide

Quick Quiz about Marine Birds NOT GRADED 4/27/2019

1. What makes birds able to fly? 4/27/2019

Hollow Bones and Aerodynamics (wing Design) 4/27/2019

2. Bird Beak shapes are based on____________? 4/27/2019

Feeding style 4/27/2019

3. What birds are capable of diving head first into the ocean? 4/27/2019

Comorants, petrels, penguins 4/27/2019

4. Marine birds typically eat ______________? 4/27/2019

Fish, shrimp and crustaceans 4/27/2019

5. Name an endangered Bird 4/27/2019

Whooping crane. Bald eagle 4/27/2019

6. Name an extinct bird 4/27/2019

Passenger pigeon 4/27/2019

7. What organisms would eat marine birds? 4/27/2019

Large fish, sharks turtles and killer whales 4/27/2019

8. What area in Virginia Beach is a part of the Eastern Flyway? 4/27/2019

The Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge in Sandbridge 4/27/2019

9. Other than natural predators what factors pose the greatest dangers for Marine Bird survival? 4/27/2019

Water pollution, oil pollution, excessive hunting and introduction of non native predators. 4/27/2019

10. Name four common Marine Birds in our area. 4/27/2019

Seagulls, Cormorants. Osprey, Ducks, Eagles, Egrets, and Herons 4/27/2019

Everything you ever wanted to know about marine birds and more AQUATIC BIRD FACTS Everything you ever wanted to know about marine birds and more 4/27/2019

All birds have similar characteristics. But many water birds have features that are different from those birds live on land. Long legs are good for wading These wings act as flippers Webbed feet for swimming 4/27/2019

How do birds fly Birds use a combination of light weight bones, wing design, feather design and rapid wing movement to lift their bodies from the ground into the air. Once airborne the aerodynamics of their body, wings and tail allow them to fly and glide for hours without landing 4/27/2019

Note: Camber, angle of attack, creation of lift and drag. The same principle that enables an airplane wing to stay aloft permits a bird wing to stay aloft. 4/27/2019

Separation of feathers produces extra drag, similar to wing flaps on airplane. 4/27/2019

A bird’s bones are light but very strong A bird’s bones are light but very strong. Interior supports are called struts (same as in airplanes). 4/27/2019

Flying creatures, particularly birds, have played an immensely important role in inspiring the development of Aviation. 4/27/2019

Birds that can float Birds who can float on water are likely to live near oceans, lakes or rivers. Geese are an example of such a bird. 4/27/2019

Marine Birds All reproduce on land. Marine birds have a large extrarenal pair of salt glands external to the skull, producing a concentrated solution of Salt. 4/27/2019

Beak Variation and Uses Pelican How a beak is shaped indicates how a bird feeds and what it feeds on 4/27/2019

4/27/2019

Seabirds Beak Shape “A type” Have a short, hooked beak used for holding and tearing prey too large to be eaten whole Examples – Petrels, shearwaters, albatrosses 4/27/2019

Seabirds Beak Shape “B Type” Have a short, streamlined beak for grabbing prey, usually to ingest it whole Examples – Penguins, razorbills 4/27/2019

Seabirds Beak Shape “C Type” Has a straight, narrow beak Used by plunge divers – does not interfere with dive Examples – Boobies, terns 4/27/2019

Seabirds Beak Shape “D Type” Has elongated lower beak Used for feeding while flying Example - Skimmers 4/27/2019

How birds capture food 4/27/2019

Seabirds Aerial pursuit Prey Capture Used to chase other birds and harass them into dropping their prey Example – Jaegers, frigate birds 4/27/2019

Seabirds Surface plunging Prey Capture Diving to capture prey near the surface Examples – Pelicans, boobies Diving Birds 4/27/2019

Seabirds Dipping Prey Capture Food is captured near the surface Example – Gulls 4/27/2019

seabirds Pattering Prey Capture “Walk” along surface, grabbing near-surface prey Examples Storm petrels 4/27/2019

seabirds Pursuit plunging Prey Capture Shallow dive with some pursuit of prey underwater Example – Shearwaters 4/27/2019

seabirds Pursuit diving with wings Prey Capture Pursue prey underwater using wings to swim Examples – Penguins, puffins 4/27/2019

seabirds Prey Capture Pursuit diving with feet Pursue prey underwater using wings to swim Ex – Cormorants 4/27/2019

HABITATS AND FLYWAYS 4/27/2019

Diverse Habitats Birds have adapted to live in many places. 4/27/2019

Nesting success might vary between the habitats because of differences in: predator densities competition for nest sites and territories nesting experience of inhabitants 4/27/2019

Migratory Birds major flyways cross national boundaries; managing populations of migratory birds requires multinational efforts to protect habitats along flyways. 4/27/2019

WETLANDS 4/27/2019

Estuaries & Coastal Wetlands Importance: nutrient rich high primary productivity nurseries for fish & other aquatic animals breeding areas for waterfowl & shorebirds filter water pollutants 4/27/2019

Estuaries & Coastal Wetlands Human Impacts: world has lost over half of its estuaries & coastal wetlands percentage lost in U.S. higher; most lost to coastal development degradation due to urban runoff, sewage effluent, sediment & chemical runoff from agricultural lands 4/27/2019

These are whooping cranes who live in wetlands These are whooping cranes who live in wetlands. They are endangered because of habitat loss. They need the marshy areas to provide protection to the nests they make. 4/27/2019

“Wading Bird Nesting is an Index to Wetland Ecosystem Integrity” Numbers of White Ibis nests have decreased 87%, numbers of Wood Stork nests have decreased 78%, while nests of the Great Egret nests have increased (competition??) 4/27/2019

BIRDS, BIRDS AND MORE BIRDS 4/27/2019

Marine Birds Herring Gull 4/27/2019

osprey 4/27/2019

Wood stork 4/27/2019

Wings tucked into body while submerged 4/27/2019

Diving Duck Hooded Merganser 4/27/2019

Cormorant 4/27/2019

Black Skimmer 4/27/2019

pelican 4/27/2019

Herring gull 4/27/2019

Black backed gull 4/27/2019

Black Guillemot 4/27/2019

petrel 4/27/2019

albatross 4/27/2019

What is the bill shape? 4/27/2019

Canary Islands Oystercatcher Pallas Cormorant Canary Islands Oystercatcher Auckland Islands Merganser 4/27/2019

FUN FACTS 4/27/2019

The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle have phenomenal eyesight and are extraordinary divers, swooping down on their prey from a high altitude and grasping them in their talons. 4/27/2019

Flightless Birds Not all of them can fly. 4/27/2019

But they are great divers using their wings as flippers Penguins cannot fly! But they are great divers using their wings as flippers 4/27/2019

The albatross or “Gooney Bird” has trouble taking off and landing, but soars magnificently over vast stretches of water with enormous endurance. 4/27/2019

ENDANGERED BIRDS 4/27/2019

Species Extinction Local extinction: Biological extinction: Extinction in that locale , but not everywhere Biological extinction: Biological extinction is forever and is an irreversible loss of a unique gene pool that took millions of years to produce. 4/27/2019

endangered Bonin Night Heron 4/27/2019

Bald Eagles are endangered due to pesticides making eggs infertile Birds and mammals account for a small amount of the bald eagle diet, but are the source of much of the bald eagles’ pesticide exposure. Osprey do not feed on tertiary consumers such as fish-eating birds and sea mammals – this results in lower pesticide concentrations. For the reference back to the osprey the students can pull out their graphs and compare the DDE levels in osprey versus bald eagles. 4/27/2019

Whooping crane comeback Captive breeding programs, such as this one at the Patuxent Environmental Science Center in Laurel, Maryland, have allowed endangered whooping cranes to make a remarkable comeback. 4/27/2019

The Passenger Pigeon Gone Forever The Passenger Pigeon, once the most numerous bird species on the planet, lived in the primary forests that once covered North America. Total populations reached 5 billion individuals which was 40% of the total number of birds in North America. This may be the only species for which the exact time of extinction is known. 4/27/2019

Uncontrolled commercial hunting lead to its extinction The Passenger Pigeon Gone Forever Uncontrolled commercial hunting lead to its extinction 4/27/2019

Sustaining (Wild) Species Gone forever 4/27/2019

Cattle Egret Introduced species from Africa Benefits: It associates with cattle, eating the insects that they stir up. Many of the insects they eat are considered pest species. This species is an example of how human societies have actually helped species, by having cattle farms, rather than harming them. 4/27/2019

Cattle Egret 4/27/2019

Current Crisis of Depletion & Extinction Current global extinction rate of species is 100 – 1,000 times than natural background extinction rate. Species that are under thread of extinction 34% of fish 25% of amphibians 12% of birds 24% of mammals 20% of reptiles 14% of plants 4/27/2019

The state of US Species Diversity Our road to extinction 67% Secure or apparently secure 1% Other 16% Vulnerable 8% Endangered 7% Critically endangered 1% Probably extinct 4/27/2019

Endangered and Threatened Species Endangered species has so few individual survivors that the species could soon become extinct. Almost 30,000 of the word’s species (1.200 in US) are officially listed as being in danger of becoming extinct. Threatened (vulnerable) species is still abundant, but is declining in numbers & likely to become endangered. 4/27/2019

Human caused Extinction of over 600 known species bushy seaside sparrow passenger pigeon dodo Aepyornis great awk 4/27/2019

Threatened & Endangered Species 4/27/2019

Threatened & Endangered Species 4/27/2019

Threatened & Endangered Species 4/27/2019

Poaching for animal products such as ivory or Rhinoceros horns works only if there is a demand Rhinoceros horns Elephant with ivory tusk removed and left to die 4/27/2019

Wildlife Management Laws regulating hunting and fishing Harvest quotas Population management plants Improving habitat Treaties and laws for migrating species 4/27/2019

Conclusions It is much cheaper and more beneficial to protect ecosystems and animals before they are degraded than to try and restore them afterward. Species may be lost before the restoration begins, and it may not be possible to fully restore any given ecosystem. 4/27/2019

THE END Marine Birds Click on Pelican to return to main CD Selection Menu ~ Click anywhere else to go to Quiz

QUIZ 4/27/2019

How well did you pay attention? Teacher 4/27/2019

1. What makes birds able to fly? 4/27/2019

2. Bird Beak shapes are based on____________? 4/27/2019

3. What birds are capable of diving head first into the ocean? 4/27/2019

4. Marine birds typically eat ______________? 4/27/2019

5. Name an endangered Bird 4/27/2019

6. Name an extinct bird 4/27/2019

7. What organisms would eat marine birds? 4/27/2019

8. What area in Virginia Beach is a part of the Eastern Flyway? 4/27/2019

9. Other than natural predators what factors pose the greatest dangers for Marine Bird survival? 4/27/2019

10. Name four common Marine Birds in our area. 4/27/2019