Indian Removal Essential Question: Explain how Native Americans were affected under the Presidency of Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren.

Objectives Describe the culture of Native Americans in the Southeast. Describe the conflict over land occupied by Native Americans in the Southeast. Discuss the forced removal of Native Americans.

Why did Jackson use force to remove Indians from the Southeast? Starting with President Jefferson, there were attempts to move Native Americans westward. When Andrew Jackson became President, more than 100,000 Native Americans still lived east of the Mississippi River. Jefferson hoped Native Americans would move voluntarily west of the Mississippi River

After the War of 1812, Native Americans in the “old” Northwest gave up their lands and moved west of the Mississippi River. However, the Native Americans living in the Southeast refused to move.

To government leaders, the tribes of the Southeast stood in the way of westward expansion. Fertile farmland Tribes American settlement By the 1820s, many southerners were demanding that the government move the tribes by force so farmers could use the land to grow cotton.

Black Hawk War 1827 - US govt says all Native Americans must leave Illinois Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk Indians refuses, saying no one can own land US settlers moved into village when they were away hunting After Sauk attacks, US troops drive out Indians

The pressure on Native Americans grew. 1825 1827 1828 President Monroe created a plan to move all Native Americans west, but it failed. The state of Georgia forced the Creeks to give up most of their land. Georgia tried to force the Cherokees to give up their lands.

Cherokee Indians Lived peacefully in the Appalachian Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee Adopted culture of whites - wrote and spoke English Had own written language and newspaper Based their government on the U.S. Constitution

Cherokee Sue For Land Cherokee sued the government of Georgia for taking their land Worcester vs. Georgia - Supreme Court rules Georgia’s actions are illegal and that the Cherokee can stay

President Jackson opposed the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v President Jackson opposed the Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia. Indian Removal Act In 1830, Jackson put a new federal law into effect.

Indian Removal Act President Jackson pushes Congress to force Indians to move west of the Mississippi The Indian Removal Act told natives that if they gave the United States their land in the east, that the American government would have a new territory for them to live in. Congress established Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) as the new Indian homeland US govt creates Bureau of Indian Affairs as a show of good faith that we are here to help the natives ANYTIME

Jackson’s Indian Removal Act was enforced in the 1830s. 1831–1833 1838 The Choctaws signed a treaty giving up their land. Like most Native Americans, they thought they had no other choice.

1830 1831–1833 1838 The Choctaws moved west to Oklahoma. They suffered greatly on their journey. The federal government failed to provide enough supplies, such as tents and food.

1830 1831–1833 1838 President Van Buren forced the Cherokees to leave their lands. The Cherokees remained on their land until after Jackson left office in 1837.

The Cherokees’ 1,000-mile forced journey to Indian Territory is known as the Trail of Tears. More than 4,000 Cherokees died because of the relocation, due to the harsh weather, disease, and lack of supplies.

One group of Native Americans, the Seminoles, refused to leave their land. 1830 1835–1842 1842 The Seminoles fought three wars against removal. Although they never signed a peace treaty, most Seminoles were forced to move in the 1840s.

In total, some 100,000 Native Americans were driven from their homes and forced to walk to a new home. In Indian Territory, Native Americans struggled to rebuild their lives in very difficult conditions.

10-5 - Jackson and Van Buren

Objectives Describe the disagreement over the Bank of the United States. Discuss the differing viewpoints on the balance of federal and state powers. Explain why South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union. Describe the economic crisis that began in 1837.

Terms and People nullification – an action by a state that cancels a federal law to which the state objects; declaring a federal law unconstitutional Martin Van Buren – 8th President of the United States who succeeded Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison – Whig; 9th President of the United States; candidate who defeated Van Buren in the 1840 presidential election

2nd bank of the United States was supported by business owners: How did old issues take a new shape in the conflict over a national bank and tariff? 2nd bank of the United States was supported by business owners: Made loans to businesses and state banks. Kept government money safe Created confidence & trust in U.S. banks Issued a stable currency

However, many Americans disliked the Bank because it stopped state banks from issuing too many loans This angered farmers and merchants who wanted to borrow money to buy land. Some blamed the bank for the 1819 financial crisis, when many people lost their farms.

The Bank’s most powerful enemy was Andrew Jackson. The Bank should be called “the Monster.” It favors the wealthy at the expense of ordinary people. Jackson vetoed a bill to renew the Bank’s charter. It ceased to exist in 1836.

Jackson’s victory over the Bank had both positive and negative effects. It increased the power of the presidency. Negative It made it more difficult for Jackson’s successor to deal with the economic crisis that began in 1837. Showed that the President could overpower Congress.

Although he had popular support, the national press ridiculed President Jackson for his quick temper and steely will. They portrayed him as a king who trampled on rights protected by the Constitution.

The Constitution gave the federal government many significant powers. Since the nation’s founding, Americans had debated about the balance of power between the states and the federal government. The Constitution gave the federal government many significant powers. The Tenth Amendment reserved rights for the states and the people. Federal Power State Power

In 1828, the debate over states’ rights reached a crisis level. Manufacturers in the North and some parts of the West supported the law because it brought money to those areas.. Congress passed a law raising tariffs on iron, textiles, and other products. Vice President John C. Calhoun agreed with the Southerners. He argued that the states had the right of nullification. Southerners felt the law was unfair. It made them pay more for goods.

Arguments for Nullification Arguments Against Nullification America was formed from an agreement between states. America was formed by the entire American people. States kept certain powers. Federal law super cedes state laws for the safety and protection of Americans. States had the power to nullify unjust laws.

President Jackson and Vice President Calhoun became bitter enemies due to their opposing views on states’ rights and nullification. Calhoun resigned in 1832 and was replaced by Martin Van Buren.

South Carolina voted to nullify the tariffs and threatened to secede. The crisis erupted in 1832, when Congress passed another tariff law. Jackson said that the Union could not be dissolved. He put troops in South Carolina on alert. South Carolina voted to nullify the tariffs and threatened to secede.

The crisis was settled, but the question of states’ rights remained. A turning point in the crisis occurred when Congress passed two bills: One bill lowered tariffs. The other bill authorized the collection of tariffs by force. South Carolina repealed its nullification of the tariffs because they were lower. The Force Bill became unnecessary. The crisis was settled, but the question of states’ rights remained.

Britain bought less cotton. When Martin Van Buren took office as President in 1837, he faced an economic crisis. Britain bought less cotton. Cotton prices fell. Cotton growers could not repay their loans. Hundreds of banks went bankrupt. This crisis, the Panic of 1837, lasted 6 years.

Van Buren ran for reelection in 1840 against Whig candidate William Henry Harrison. The Whigs ran a skillful campaign to appeal to ordinary voters. Harrison easily defeated Van Buren becoming our 9th president. The Age of Jackson was over.