Exposure to a Dry Environment Enhances Epidermal Permeability Barrier Function Mitsuhiro Denda, Junko Sato, Yoshiko Masuda, Toru Tsuchiya, Junichi Koyama,

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Exposure to a Dry Environment Enhances Epidermal Permeability Barrier Function Mitsuhiro Denda, Junko Sato, Yoshiko Masuda, Toru Tsuchiya, Junichi Koyama, Masato Kuramoto Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 111, Issue 5, Pages 858-863 (November 1998) DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00333.x Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Relative humidity influences not only basal TEWL but also epidermal morphology. Thickness of epidermis (A) and number of SC layers (B) are increased by low humidity. Mean ± SD. (A) Dry (RH < 10%, n = 12), control (RH = 40%–70%, n = 7), humid (RH > 80%, n = 12); (B) dry, control, and humid (n = 6 each, *p < 0.05;***p < 0.005; p values were calculated by Fisher’s protected least significant difference). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 858-863DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00333.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Lamellar body secretory system and lamellar membranes are increased by low humidity. Electron micrograph of the epidermis of animals maintained in a dry (RH < 10%) (A) or humid (RH > 80%) (B) environment for 2 wk. The number of lamellar bodies (arrowhead) was increased in the epidermis in the dry group (A) and exocytosis was accelerated in the deeper layers of the epidermis (arrow). Fewer lamellar bodies (arrowhead) and less exocytosis (arrow) was observed in the epidermis from animals maintained in a humid environment (B). Scale bars: 1 μm. (C) Lamellar bodies per area of epidermis were measured in animals maintained for 2 wk in a dry or humid environment. The upper layer was from the SC–SG interface to 2.5 μm depth in the epidermis and the lower layer was between 2.5 and 5.0 μm in depth from the SC–SG interface. In the upper layer, the percentage of area occupied by lamellar bodies was more than two times higher in animals maintained in a dry versus humid environment. In the lower area, the increase in lamellar bodies in the dry group is even greater. The results are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 20) (p values were calculated by Student’s t test). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 858-863DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00333.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Keratohyalin granules increase with low humidity. Keratohyalin granules per length of epidermis was measured in animals maintained for 2 wk in a dry (RH < 10%) or humid (RH > 80%) environment. The results are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 20). **p < 0.01 (p values were calculated by Student’s t test). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 858-863DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00333.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 SC lipid content increases with low humidity. Dry weight of SC (A) from mice that had been maintained for 2 wk in a dry (RH < 10%) or humid (RH > 80%) environment. Results are presented as mean ± SD (n = 6 for each group). Lipid analysis of SC per cm2 (B) and per mg of dry weight (C) from animals maintained for 2 wk in a dry or humid environment. Results are mean ± SD (n = 3–5) (p values were calculated by Student’s t test). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 858-863DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00333.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Barrier recovery accelerates after prolonged exposure to a dry environment. The time course of barrier recovery following tape stripping in animals maintained in a dry (RH < 10%) or humid (RH > 80%) environment for 0 (A), 1 (B), or 2 (C) wk. The barrier was disrupted with tape stripping until TEWL reached 7.0–10.0 mg per cm2 per h. TEWL was measured at the times indicated after barrier disruption. Results are mean ± SD (n = 4). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 (p values were calculated by Student’s t test). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 858-863DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00333.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Dry environment accelerates barrier recovery rate; in contrast, humid environment delays it. The percentage barrier recovery 4 h after tape stripping (A) or acetone treatment (B) in animals maintained in a dry (RH < 10%) or humid (RH > 80%) environment for 2 wk. The barrier was disrupted with tape stripping or acetone treatment until TEWL reached 7.0–10.0 mg per cm2 per h. TEWL was measured 4 h after barrier disruption. Results are mean ± SD (n = 4). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (p values were calculated by Student’s t test). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 858-863DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00333.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Dry environment stimulates rates of lipid deposition. Neutral lipid deposition in the outer part of the epidermis 4 h after acetone treatment from mice that had been maintained for 2 wk in a dry (RH < 10%) (A) or humid (RH > 80%) (B) environment. Intense yellow-gold (neutral lipid: arrow) membrane staining is seen in the outermost part of the epidermis in the dry group. Neutral lipid membrane formation was not observed in the epidermis in the humid group. Scale bars: 5 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 858-863DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00333.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Dry environment stimulates lamellar membrane formation. Electron micrographs of the intercellular lipid bilayer structure in the SC 4 h after acetone treatment in animals maintained in a dry (RH < 10%) (A) or humid (RH > 80%) (B) environment for 2 wk. The intercellular lipid bilayer structure was thick in the SC of the dry group (A), whereas in the humid group, abnormal bilayer structures were observed (B). Scale bars: 0.2 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 858-863DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00333.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 858-863DOI: (10. 1046/j Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998 111, 858-863DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00333.x) Copyright © 1998 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions