Cum Clauses A Dependent Clause 4 Types of Subjunctive “cum” clauses Cum Temporal Clause Cum Causal Clause Cum Concessive Clause Cum Circumstantial These clauses utilize the present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect subjunctive tenses Nota Bene: “cum” + ablative noun is a prepositional phrase

DEFINITION: When 1 thing occurs, something else HAPPENS to be going on DEFINITION: When 1 thing occurs, something else HAPPENS to be going on. The events are otherwise unconnected; describes the precise “time” of an action “cum” is translated as “when”(or “while”) Used in a dependent clause with a INDICATIVE MOOD verb only e.g. cum advēnistī, salīre parābam. WHEN you arrived, I was preparing to jump. Cum Temporal Clause*

Cum Circumstantial Clause* DEFINITION: when 1 thing occurs, it triggers another thing. “cum” is translated as “when” Describes the general circumstances when main action occurred. Used in a dependent clause with an INDICATIVE or SUBJUNCTIVE verb Indicative example: cum ades, minus timeō. WHEN you are near, I am less afraid. Subjunctive example: cum adessēs, minus timēbam. WHEN you were near, I was less afraid. Cum Circumstantial Clause*

Cum Causal & Concessive Clause* (CAUSAL)DEFINITION: an outcome occurs because of or SINCE something else happens or occurs i.e. this 1 explains the “cause” of an action “cum” is translated as “since” Used with a SUBJUNCTIVE verb only e.g. cum cenaretis, cenabam quoque. SINCE you all were eating, I ate also. (CONCESSIVE) DEFINITION: an outcome occurs ALTHOUGH some other situation is present “cum” is translated as “although” e.g. cum magnopere timerem, tamen saluī. Although I was very afraid, nevertheless I jumped. Cum Causal & Concessive Clause*