Total LPS from the human gut microbiome is immunoinhibitory.

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Total LPS from the human gut microbiome is immunoinhibitory. Total LPS from the human gut microbiome is immunoinhibitory. (A) Schematic diagram of sample processing and analysis in this study. (B) Principal-component analysis plot comparing the HMP1 sample set (blue) and a new set of nine healthy-donor (Novartis [NVS]) samples (black). (C) Human PBMCs were stimulated in the presence of increasing amounts of fecal LPS. IL-6 and IL-1β concentrations in supernatants were measured after 20 h of culture. E. coli LPS was included as a control. (D and E) HEK-293 cells expressing an NF-κB–luciferase reporter and either hTLR2 and hCD14 (D) or hTLR4, hMD2, and hCD14 (E) were stimulated in the presence of increasing doses of fecal LPS from each donor, B. dorei LPS, or E. coli PGN. A sterile-water negative control was included in each experiment (not shown). Luciferase activity was measured after 6 h of activation. Data shown are the mean ± the standard deviation of triplicate evaluations from one out of three independent experiments. (F) PBMCs were cotreated with 1 ng/ml E. coli LPS and increasing doses of fecal LPS from the donors indicated. IL-6 and IL-1β concentrations in supernatants were measured after 20 h of culture and compared to those obtained with LPS treatment alone (0:1). Data shown are the mean ± the standard deviation of triplicates in one representative experiment. *, corrected P value of <0.05. Eva d’Hennezel et al. mSystems 2017; doi:10.1128/mSystems.00046-17