Esophageal tissue histology. Esophageal tissue histology. (A) Longitudinal sections of Desmin-stained tissue (×1 magnification) showing tissue layers: muscularis externa (ME), which is composed of longitudinal muscle (LM) and circular muscle (CM); submucosa (SM); muscularis mucosa (MM); lamina propria (LP); and epithelium (EP). (B) Longitudinal sections of Desmin-stained tissue (×20 magnification) illustrating diameter measurement of skeletal muscle fiber cross sections. (C) Longitudinal sections of DAPI-stained tissue (×10 magnification) used to assess nuclear density. (D) Longitudinal sections of Masson’s trichrome–stained tissue (×20 magnification) for measuring relative fractions of muscle (pink) and collagen (blue). Dana D. Damian et al. Sci. Robotics 2018;3:eaaq0018 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works