BIO307- Bioengineering principles SPRING 2019 Lecture 2b Biomolecular Principles: Nucleic Acids and Proteins- part 2 Lecturer: Jasmin Sutkovic 18.3.2019

Content DNA System biology Water: The medium of Life Biochemical Energetics Macromolecules: Polymers of Biological importance Lipids

Human Health DNA is intimately involved in human health. Many diseases result from failures at the DNA level. These failures can arise from defects in genes themselves (causing genetic diseases) or in the regulatory regions of genes (causing cancer). Some diseases are the result of a defect in a single gene. Although many of these diseases are rare, some—such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy—are relatively common. Polygenic diseases-Type II diabetes and heart disease

System biology Using computer models, Biomedical engineers try to predict the consequence of genetic mutations on cell function- System biology The arising of Human Genome Project and its effort to sequence all genomes of the human genome makes this possible.

What it does ? It is collaborative, integrating many scientific disciplines – biology, computer science, engineering, bioinformatics, physics and others – to predict how these systems change over time and under varying conditions, and to develop solutions to the world’s most pressing health and environmental issues.

https://www. youtube. com/watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-mRwsiBNvA – c60 Buckyball structure. Buckyballs, also called fullerenes, were one of the first nanoparticles discovered. Combining buckyballs, nanotubes, and polymers to produce inexpensive solar cells that can be formed by simply painting a surface. Buckyballs may be used to store hydrogen, possibly as a fuel tank for fuel cell powered cars. Buckyballs may be able to reduce the growth of bacteria in pipes and membranes in water systems.

Genetics and inheritance Heredity? Transmission of traits from one generation to subsequent generations Chromosomes ? In a karyotype obtained from a typical human cell, there are 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs

Self study –revision of studied theory Genetics.. DNA structure Cell division Central dogma Page 88--110

DNA fingerprinting Because the DNA sequence is so uniquely paired with an individual, it can be used to match an individual to an unknown sample. This technique has become a staple of law enforcement, earning the popular name “DNA fingerprinting” because it is analogous to the long-used practice of linking people to a crime scene by matching the fingerprints they leave

How is gene expression controlled? All human cells (except red blood cells) contain the same DNA material but only some gene are expressed in some tissues? How ? Basically the whole process from DNA to protein can be altered … http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/gene-regulation.php#euk – explanations of some mechanisms..

How to block gene expression ? There are several methods for blocking gene expression. In one approach, antisense oligonucleotides can bind to complementary base pairs in DNA or RNA to block transcription or translation, respectively!

RNA interference RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK-OGB1_ELE

siRNA and micro RNA for gene expression control https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5jroSCBBwk

Recombinant DNA technology Recombinant DNA technology refers to a set of techniques that enables scientists to transfer genetic information from one organism to another. It is one of the major technological achievements of the past 100 years.

Molecular cloning In molecular biology, cloning usually refers to genes. Therefore, to clone a gene means to make many identical copies of a particular length of DNA. When a gene is cloned, it is also sometimes said that the gene is amplified. Cells and organisms can be cloned as well.

Protein structure Because the sequence of amino acids within each polypeptide chain is the most important determinant of the three-dimensional structure of the protein molecule, the linear structure (i.e., the amino acid sequence) of a protein is often said to determine its function.

PDB An Information Portal to 149886 Biological Macromolecular Structures

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure The end of the chain that has a free amino group is called the amino terminus and the end with the carboxyl group is called the carboxyl terminus.