Higher Biology Unit 1: 1.3 Translation.

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Presentation transcript:

Higher Biology Unit 1: 1.3 Translation

Learning Intentions To be able to describe the stages involved in translation To be able to explain the following terms: codon, polypeptide, tRNA, anti codon, attachment site

Success Criteria I can identify and explain the stages of translation I can explain the following terms: codon, polypeptide, tRNA, anti codon, attachment site

Translation Translation is the formation of a polypeptide (protein) using the mature mRNA transcript The mRNA code is read in series of 3 bases (triplet of bases) known as codons Each codon is complementary to a triplet of bases on the original DNA strand

tRNA Another RNA molecule known as transfer RNA (tRNA) is found in the cytoplasm and is involved in translation tRNA is folded into a 3D structure and held together by hydrogen bonds

tRNA structure tRNA is composed of a single chain of nucleotides, an amino acid attachment site and an anticodon region The anticodon is a triplet of bases complementary to the mRNA codon Each anticodon corresponds to a specific amino acid on the attachment site

tRNA tRNA picks up amino acids in the cytoplasm and then carries them to the ribosome to match with the mRNA codons

Ribosomes Ribosomes are organelles found in the cytoplasm and attached to other organelles in cells They contain ribosomal RNA and enzymes required for protein synthesis

Ribosome Structure

Site P – holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain Site P – holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. Site A – holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be joined to the chain. Site E – releases the empty tRNA once it has dropped off its amino acid.

Ribosome The function of ribosomes is to bring tRNA into contact with mRNA This allows the complementary codons and anticodons to form bonds As the codons and anticodons bond, peptide bonds are formed between amino acids on the tRNA molecules This forms a chain of bonded amino acids known as a polypeptide

The translation process 1. The ribosome binds to the 5’ end of the mRNA so that the start codon (AUG) is in site P. 2. Next a tRNA carrying the amino acid methionine becomes attached to site P.

3. The mRNA codon at site A bonds complementary anticodon on the appropriate tRNA bearing the correct amino acid. 4. A peptide bond then forms between these two amino acids. 5. The ribosome then moves along one codon. 6. The tRNA from Site P is move to Site E and released. 7. Steps 3-6 then repeat until it reaches a stop codon.

Professor Dave will explain…

Success Criteria I can identify and explain the stages of translation I can explain the following terms: codon, polypeptide, tRNA, anti codon, attachment site