Chapter 5 Tissues

Objectives 5.1.1 List 4 major tissue types and tell where each is located 5.2.2 Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissues 5.2.3 Name the types of epithelium, and or each type, id an organ in which that type is found 5.2.4 Explain how glands are classified

Introduction: A. Cells are arranged in tissues that CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction: A. Cells are arranged in tissues that provide specific functions for the body. B. The tissues of the human body include four major types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Epithelial Tissues: widespread throughout body covers organs CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epithelial Tissues: A. General Characteristics widespread throughout body covers organs lines body surfaces. anchored to a basement membrane, are made up of tightly packed cells, generally lack blood vessels are replaced frequently.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3. Epithelial tissues function in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensory reception.

Classification of Epithelial Tissues CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Classification of Epithelial Tissues Grouped according to shape and number of layers Squamous – thin, flattened cells Cuboidal – cube-shaped Columnar- elongated Simple- single layer Stratified- two or more layers

Simple Squamous Epithelium CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Simple Squamous Epithelium suited for diffusion functions in the exchange of gases in the lungs lines blood and lymph vessels as well as body cavities.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium functions in secretion and absorption in the kidneys secretion in glands.

Simple Columnar Epithelium CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Simple Columnar Epithelium It lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where it protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients.

Mucus-secreting goblet cells can be found among columnar cells. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. In the intestine, these cells possess microvilli that increase the surface area available for absorption. Mucus-secreting goblet cells can be found among columnar cells.

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered. Cilia may be present, along with mucus-secreting globlet cells, that line and sweep debris from respiratory tubes.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratified Squamous Epithelium designed to protect underlying layers. It makes up the outer layer of skin, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal.

In the skin, outer layers of cells undergo keratinization. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. In the skin, outer layers of cells undergo keratinization. - skin cells harden and die - does not happen when the cells stay moist (oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, & anal canal)

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Lines the lumen of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas. greater protection than one single layer.

H. Stratified Columnar Epithelium CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H. Stratified Columnar Epithelium 1. This tissue consists of several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra, and parts of the pharynx.

Transitional Epithelium CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Transitional Epithelium designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glandular Epithelium Cells designed to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids. Glands that secrete products into ducts are exocrine; those that secrete into body fluids and blood are called endocrine.

Glands are classified by the ways the glands secrete their products. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glands are classified by the ways the glands secrete their products. Merocrine glands release fluid products by exocytosis (pancreas) Apocrine glands lose portions of their cell bodies during secretion (mammary glands). Holocrine glands release entire cells (sebaceous glands).

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Objectives 5.1.1 List 4 major tissue types and tell where each is located 5.2.2 Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissues 5.2.3 Name the types of epithelium, and or each type, id an organ in which that type is found 5.2.4 Explain how glands are classified

Objectives 5.3.5 Compare and contrast the general cellular components, structures, fibers and extracellular matrix in each type of connective tissue 5.3.6 Explain the major functions of each type of connective tissue

Connective Tissues 5.3: A. General Characteristics CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Connective Tissues 5.3: A. General Characteristics bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, and repair tissue damage. have an abundance of extracellular matrix, or intercellular material, throughout, and have good blood supplies (except cartilage).

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Major Cell Types 1. fibroblast- (most common) fixed, star- shaped cell that secretes fibers and is large in size. 2. Wandering macrophages function as scavenger cells and defend against infection. 3. Mast cells - large and located near blood vessels where they release heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine. Table 5.4

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. Connective Tissue Fibers (produced by fibroblasts) 1.Strong collagenous fibers (white fibers), made of collagen, add strength for holding body parts together. 2.Elastic fibers (yellow fibers), made of elastin, are stretchy and add flexibility 3.Reticular fibers are thin collagenous fibers that form supportive networks . Table 5.4

2. Specialized connective tissue (cartilage, bone, blood) CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. D. Connective Tissue Two Main Types 1. Proper Loose Areolar, adipose, reticular Dense 2. Specialized connective tissue (cartilage, bone, blood)

ex. skin and underlying organs. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. E. Loose Connective Tissue Areolar 1. forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body that bind body parts together ex. skin and underlying organs. 2. fibroblasts cells that are separated by a gel-like ground substance that contains collagenous and elastic fibers.

Adipose tissue 1. loose connective tissue designed to store fat. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Adipose tissue 1. loose connective tissue designed to store fat. 2. found beneath the skin, around joints, padding the kidneys and other internal organs, and in certain abdominal membranes. **Average adult has 40-50 billion fat cells!!

Reticular Connective Tissue Composed of thin collagenous fibers Provides the frame work for liver and spleen Form a network … filter

F. Dense Connective Tissue CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. F. Dense Connective Tissue 1. consists of densely packed collagenous fibers and is very strong but lacks a good blood supply. 2. It is found as part of tendons and ligaments.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. G. Specialized Connective Tissue Cartilage 1. rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework for various structures. Heals slowly. 2. hyaline cartilage (most common) is found at the ends of bones, and supports respiratory passages. 3.Elastic cartilage external ears and parts of the larynx. 4.Fibrocartilage, provides a shock- absorbing function in intervertebral disks and in the knees and pelvic girdle.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bone 1. most rigid connective tissue, with deposits of mineral salts and collagen within the matrix. 2. supports the body, protects, forms muscle attachments and is the site for blood cell formation.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3. Bone cells, called osteocytes, are arranged in concentric circles (osteons) 4. Bone has a good blood supply, enabling rapid recovery after an injury.

2. It functions to transport substances throughout the body. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. I. Blood 1. Blood is composed of cells (red and white) suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma. 2. It functions to transport substances throughout the body.

Objectives 5.3.5 Compare and contrast the general cellular components, structures, fibers and extracellular matrix in each type of connective tissue 5.3.6 Explain the major functions of each type of connective tissue

Objectives 5.4.7 Distinguish among the four major types of membranes 5.5.8 Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissues 5.6.9 Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissues

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Muscle Tissues: A. General Characteristics 1. Muscle cells, or fibers, can contract and consist of three major types.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal muscle is attached to bone and can be controlled by conscious effort (voluntary). 2. The cells (muscle fibers) are long and cylindrical, striated, have many nuclei and contract from nervous impulse.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. Smooth Muscle Tissue 1. Smooth muscle tissue lacks striations, is uninucleate, and consists of spindle-shaped cells. 2. This involuntary muscle is found in the walls of internal organs, and in the digestive tract, blood vessels, and urinary bladder.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. D. Cardiac Muscle Tissue 1. Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart and consists of branching fibers that are connected to each other with intercalated disks. 2. This involuntary muscle has a single nucleus in each cell and is striated.

A. Nervous tissues are found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nervous Tissues: A. Nervous tissues are found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. B. Neurons, or nerve cells, conduct nervous impulses while helper cells, or neuroglia, support and nourish the neurons.

Types of membranes Epithelial membranes Thin sheet like structures composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissues covering body surfaces and lining cavities Three major types Serous Mucous cutaneous

Serous membranes Line body cavities that do not open to the outside Cells of membrane secret serous fluid which acts as a lubricant Inner linings of thorax and abdomen

Mucous Membranes Line cavities and tubes that open to outside the body Have goblet cells that secret mucous Oral and nasal cavities, tubes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems

Cutaneous membrane Aka skin

Objectives 5.4.7 Distinguish among the four major types of membranes 5.5.8 Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissues 5.6.9 Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissues