Slavery in the Atlantic World

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Presentation transcript:

Slavery in the Atlantic World

Slavery in the Early Colonial Period More fluid, less oppressive “Degrees of unfreedom” African slaves already part of the Atlantic world Labor shortage in the colonies Young societies

African Slaves Already Part of Atlantic World Came from Caribbean sugar plantations, or were pirates or military men Were familiar with European languages, religions, trade networks, etc. Creole societies

Labor Shortage in the Colonies No strict division of labor or wealth. Everybody, free or slave, had to labor.

Young Societies No set hierarchy or staple crops (pre-1620s) Laborers had more time to labor for themselves and their families Community life $$ Creole societies Interracial mingling among laboring classes

New World Slavery Created by growth of world markets Sugar, tobacco, coffee, rice, chocolate, dyes (indigo), rice, hemp, cotton. Stimulated domestic (English) job market Stimulated economies of colonies, North and South Justified by religion and classicism, tradition Cain, Ham Rome, Greece, Aristotle White slaves in Europe, African slaves in North Africa and Middle East.

The Slave Trade in Africa Factories The Middle Passage Creoles Were familiar with European languages, religions, trade networks, etc.

Sugar Societies Majority black Methods of control Brutality, coercion Negotiations rather than outright freedom

The Chesapeake system Rough equality between creole slaves and white indentured servants. Trade networks Creole societies Anthony Johnson, 1621 The Plantation period The rise of the “master” class Africanization An increasingly cruel system African Americans

The Carolinas Creole stage very brief in South Carolina Militiamen Cowboys Trade networks Running away Maroonage St. Augustine/Mose Stono Rebellion

Louisiana French colony, not flourishing Importation of slaves Maroon societies Planters’ response Natchez Revolt Militiamen Slave system weakens Placees and Placage Spanish rule

Northern Slavery 1770 statistics CT 5700; VT 25; MA 4750; NJ 10,460; NY 19,060. Occupations: farming, stock-raising, tanning, salt works, iron working, building roads, clearing land, herding, carpentry, shoemaking, blacksmithing, stoneworking, butchering, milling, weaving, goldsmithing, working on the docks, piloting boats.

Uprisings 1712 and 1741, New York Harsher Northern system More Africans, fewer West Indies slaves Harsher Northern system Beginnings of free labor ideology

Slavery and the Revolution Military service General confusion and dislocation Northern slavery Gradual emancipation Elizabeth Freedman (Mum Bett), 1791 Upper South Diversification and greater control Lower South Caught between Patriots and Loyalists; slavery increases; cotton.

Black Americans and an Inverse Story of Freedom White freedom built on black slavery Shift from distinctions based on class and religion to race Beginnings of modern racist thought Indians, North Africans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Asians = not white, inferior European, working class, upper class, educated, uneducated, male, female = white, superior