Why are minorities with a history of domination in the United States doing badly in school? Cultural Deficit: because they have home environments which are lacking in enriching and educational experiences, so children do not develop properly Cultural Difference: because they have home environments which operate with a different sense of what is appropriate and correct

Colonize = 1) crowd out; 2) devalue How does a broad understanding of education (as socialization) help us understand schools? 1) School is a particular kind of sociocultural activity (of many) in which people participate and therefore learn particular skills, attitudes, and roles. 2) Schooling is colonizing other forms of education which may be as equally valid. Colonize = 1) crowd out; 2) devalue

How should schools and teachers respond to the fact that students come from communities which have their own notions of communicative competence and ways of socializing their young people?