EMERGY & ENERGY SYSTEMS Session 4 Short Course for ECO Interns, EPA and Partners

Emergy Evaluations Tables and metadata Calculations Locating data

Reading an Emergy Table Note number

Reading an Emergy Table Note number Item

Reading an Emergy Table Note number Item Input data and units

Reading an Emergy Table Note number Item Input data and units Unit emergy

Reading an Emergy Table Note number Item Input data and units Unit emergy Emergy SPECIFIC EMERGY CALCULATION

Reading an Emergy Table Note number Item Input data and units Unit emergy Emergy Emdollars

Clumping inputs <1 Reading an Emergy Table

Clumping inputs Output energy/yields <1 Reading an Emergy Table

Clumping inputs Output energy/yields Calculated values <1 Reading an Emergy Table

Clumping inputs Output energy/yields Calculated values Arranging rows Notes

Matching Table to Diagram Diagram first Labeling components

Example of State Diagram

Labeling components Matching Table to Diagram

PlanetEarth Ocean & Atmosphere LandArea DeepHeat Tide LocalAnalysis Sun Sun Wind Wind Sun Rain Rain Earth cycle Identifying Key Components List but dont double count

Different Tables Transformity –Are all inputs necessary?

Different Tables Net benefits –List everything, positive or negative –Use labels to define benefits minus costs from different perspectives Benefit to farm: A+B+D+H+F+J-crop Benefit to Region: A+B+C+I-L-exported crop

Different Tables Storages –Not annual flows, anything more than a year in turnover time

Notes as Metadata Spreadsheet tracking

Notes as Metadata Spreadsheet tracking Verbal for final Notes Table 1 1. Transformity 1 by definition. Solar insolation calculated using solar constant of 2 Langleys/sec and integration over changing surface area for a one year period at latitude N, longitude W: 6.9 E9 J/m2/yr. Albedo 8% (NASAeosweb). Annual energy = (Avg. total annual insolation J/yr/m2)(Area m2)(1 - albedo). 2. Transformity for evapotranspiration 15,423 sej/J (Odum, 1996) corrected by factor of 1.68 (Odum et al., 2000). Grain evapotranspiration = 2.33 E10 J/acre/yr (ASFIRS estimate, Smajstrla, 1990). Annual energy = (evapotranspiration J/acre/yr)(area ha)(2.47 acres/ha). 3. Erosion rate estimated as less than 0.01 g/m2/yr for aquaculture. 4. Fuel includes diesel, gasoline and lubricants and uses petroleum products transformity 6.60 E4 sej/J (Odum 1996) corrected by factor of 1.68 (Odum et al., 2000). Gallons of fuel/ha/yr from FAECM data (Fluck, 1992). Annual energy = (Gallons fuel)(1.32 E8 J/gal). 5. Transformity for electricity from average U.S. coal plant 1.60 E5 sej/J (Odum, 1996)

Notes as Metadata Raw data and source

Notes as Metadata Conversion factors, equations, unit emergy ratios

Converting Data Joules for energy

Converting Data Grams for materials

Accurate Inputs Dry versus wet weight The point is to make sure you are calculating to the right endpoint, dry weight for food, active ingredients for chemical reactants, etc.

Physical Conversion Calculations Tides Energy(J) =(shelf)(0.5)(tides/y)(mean tidal range) 2 (density of seawater) (gravity) =(____m2)(0.5)(____/yr)(____m)2(_____kg/m3)(9.8m/s2) Rain chemical potential Energy (J)= (land area + shelf area)(rainfall)(Gibbs energy of rain) = (____m2)(____m)(1000kg/m3)(4.94E+03J/kg)

Finding Data Websites –Will post list on website –In the notes ENERGY DATA LINKS U.S. Department of Energy – data and prices USGS Energy Databases Renewable Energy Policy Project Distributed Energy Resources Center U.S.D.O.E. Fossil Fuels Hawaii Department of Business, Economics and Tourism Internet Resources--Government Agencies United Nation's Food and Agricultural Organization Weather Educational Material US Dept. of Agriculture World Agricultural Outlook Board U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Homepage Etc., etc., etc.

$$ paid does not cover actual raw material or energy Separating services Using Money as Data Sun Wind River Rain Soil Forest Harvest Fuel Fertilizer Services Market

Annual Rates versus Storages Determining annual flows from initial resources –Prorating use –Long term rates –Start up rates Storages –Turnover times >1 year