The “Zeroth Law” of Thermodynamics

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Presentation transcript:

The “Zeroth Law” of Thermodynamics

Definition: Thermal Equilibrium: 2 systems are in thermal equilibrium: If & only if there is no net flow of heat between them when they are brought into thermal contact. A system’s Temperature is an indicator of Thermal Equilibrium because, if 2 systems at the same temperature are in thermal contact, There is no net flow of heat between them.

The “Zeroth Law” of Thermodynamics B TB C TC A TA Consider 3 Objects, A, B C:

The “Zeroth Law” of Thermodynamics B TB C TC A TA Consider 3 Objects, A, B C: “If A is in thermal equilibrium with B & if B is in thermal equilibrium with C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with C”.

The “Zeroth Law” of Thermodynamics B TB C TC A TA Consider 3 Objects, A, B C: “If A is in thermal equilibrium with B & if B is in thermal equilibrium with C, then A is in thermal equilibrium with C”. In terms of system Temperatures: If TA = TB & TB = TC, then TA = TB.

The ZEROTH Law is The main reason that thermometers work! & also The main reason that they are useful!!

A More General Discussion! As we know, if warm & cold objects are placed in thermal contact, Heat Energy Q flows from the Warm Object to the Cold Object until Thermal Equilibrium is established. 7

A More General Discussion! “0th” Law of Thermodynamics As we know, if warm & cold objects are placed in thermal contact, Heat Energy Q flows from the Warm Object to the Cold Object until Thermal Equilibrium is established. “0th” Law of Thermodynamics “If 2 systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other” 8

“0th” Law of Thermodynamics The “0th” Law of Thermodynamics is “If 2 systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other” The property which the 3 systems have in common is known as a Thermometric Parameter, X. So, generally, The “0th” Law of Thermodynamics is If X1 = X2 & X1 = X3, then X2 = X3. 9

The “Zeroth” Law of Thermodynamics Example

The “Zeroth” Law of Thermodynamics Example

Another Example of the “Zeroth” Law b) B C A C VA, PA VC, PC VB, PB VC, PC “If 2 systems are in thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system, they are in equilibrium with each other.” c) A B VA, PA VB, PB

The “0th Law” of Thermodynamics “If 2 systems are in thermal equilibrium with a 3rd system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.” For gases, this leads to an Equation of State: q = f(P,V ) where the parameter q (= temperature) characterizes the equilibrium. Even more useful is the fact that this same value of q also characterizes any other system which is in thermal equilibrium with the first system, regardless of its state.

The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics is a Quantum Mechanical Law that fixes the absolute value of the entropy: S → 0 as T → 0 14

The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics is a Quantum Mechanical Law that fixes the absolute value of the entropy: S → 0 as T → 0 Reif’s statement of the 3rd Law is S → S0 as T → 0+ with 0+ < ~ 0.01 K 15

Corollary to the 3rd Law: The attainment of a temperature of T = 0 K (“Absolute Zero”) is not possible. The 3rd Law says that the entropy temperature curves for a fixed external parameter, such as magnetic field, meet at T → 0. So, it is impossible to reach T = 0 in a finite number of steps. 16

3rd Law: Attainment of a temperature of T = 0 K (“Absolute Zero”) is not possible. This says that the entropy-temperature curves for a fixed external parameter, such as magnetic field, meet at T → 0. So, it is impossible to reach T = 0 in a finite number of steps. Isothermal Processes Adiabatic Processes 17

The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics Another Statement of The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics “As T  0, the entropy of a pure substance S  0.” In general, we know that S = kBln(Ω) So, as the total system energy approaches its ground quantum mechanical state of energy E  E0, the temperature T  0 & Ω  1 so S  0

The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics Entropy S = kBln(Ω) As T  0 , E  E0, & Ω  1 so S  0 Ordered System Disordered System

The 3rd Law of Thermodynamics The entropy of a pure substance at T = 0 is S = 0.