The War Ends Top-left is Richmond. The top-right is ruins of Petersburg Bridge in Norfolk, VA. Bottom-right is navy yard at Norfolk, VA. The bottom left is in Charleston, SC.

Total War Gen. Grant named commander of the Union army in March 1864 Grant’s strategy Pursue Lee in Virginia Gen. Sherman push to the Atlantic coast Sherman uses total war to cut a path 60 miles wide and 300 miles long through Georgia His success aids in Lincoln’s victory in the election of 1864 Breaks the spirit of the South

Main Battles Battle Date State Leaders N/S V & I May 4 – 6, 1864 The Wilderness May 4 – 6, 1864 Virginia Grant Lee Confederate victory, but Union did not retreat and kept pressing Lee

Wilderness Campaign Both forces fought in a mangle of trees and brush so thick it was difficult to see each other Union lost 17,000 men Grant vowed not to retreat June 1864, at Petersburg they dug trenches and fought for 10 months On April 3, 1865 they took Richmond, the Confederate capital Confederates attempted to burn it The top picture is from the Wilderness Campaign, those are skulls. The bottom picture is the capital building in Richmond.

Painting of the Wilderness Campaign

Main Battles Battle Date State Leaders N/S Victor & importance of outcome Atlanta July 16 – Sept 2, 1864 Georgia Sherman Hood Union captured the “heart of the South” launched the “march to the sea” leading to total war

Picture of Richmond, the army actually tried to burn the city to keep it from being taken. The capital building is noticeable at the center of the picture.

Top picture is a panoramic view of the city of Richmond from across the James River. The other pictures are from Richmond as well.

Lincoln’s 2nd Inauguration March 4, 1865 Cold, windy, rainy day in Washington, D.C. Lincoln spoke in front of the Capital building Dome was complete John Wilkes Booth was an invited guest Recalled the major cause of the war Vowed to restore peace and unity “With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.”

Surrender @ Appomattox Courthouse CONFEDERATE LINES BREAK ON APRIL 2, 1865 LEE RETREATS WEST OF RICHMOND UNION BLOCKED HIS ESCAPE ROUTE “There is nothing left for me to do but go & see General Grant, & I would rather die a thousand deaths.” 16

Main Battles Battle Date State Leaders N/S V & I April 9, 1865 Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865 Virginia Grant Lee Lee signs the Unions terms of surrender; Confederates were allowed to return home with property (except weapons)

Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, April 9, 1965

Surrender @ Appomattox Courthouse LEE SURRENDERED TO GRANT CONFEDERATES SENT HOME WITHOUT WEAPONS “I felt like anything rather than rejoicing at the downfall of a foe who had fought so long and valiantly…though [the cause]…[was] one of the worst for which a people ever fought, and one which there was the least excuse. I do not question the sincerity of the great mass of those who were opposed to us.” JEFFERSON DAVIS CAPTURED ON MAY 10 AND THE CIVIL WAR OFFICIALLY ENDS! 19

Cost of the War Deadliest war in American history Economic Costs Casualties Union Confederacy Death from wounds 110,070 94,000 Death from disease 249,458 164,000 Total death rate 23 percent 24 percent Wounded 275,175 100,000 (approx.) Deadliest war in American history 620,000 dead 535,000 wounded 3,000,000 served About 10% of the population North and South combined spent more than 5 times the spent in the previous 8 DECADES Economic Costs Federal loans and taxes to finance the war totaled $2.6 billion = $36.5 billion today Federal debt on June 30, 1865 rose to $2.7 billion = almost $37 billion today Confederate debt ran over $700 million = $9 billion today Union inflation reached 179% by 1865 Confederate inflation rose to 9,000%

Constitutional Amendment The Union Army marched through the South and released slaves The officers read the Emancipation Proclamation at each plantation Jan. 1865 – Lincoln urged Congress to end slavery The 13th Amendment passed in 1865 Ended slavery in America By year’s end, 27 states (8 in the South) ratified it

Lincoln Assassinated Lincoln was shot 5 days after the surrender While watching a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. Shot by a Confederate supporter, John Wilkes Booth Booth jumped onto the stage and escaped Broke his leg in the process

Assassination Sec. of State William Seward was stabbed, he later recovered Vice Pres. Andrew Johnson was supposed to be assassinated Booth was tracked and killed The other conspirators were hanged or imprisoned Bottom picture is the hanging of Harry Wirtz, one of the conspirators. The top picture is the other conspirators.

Aftermath Lincoln died the next morning The bullet could not be removed from his brain First president to be assassinated Vice Pres. Andrew Johnson was sworn in as President of the U.S. Funeral procession for President Lincoln Victory parade after the surrender

Cause and Effect of the Civil War Causes Immediate Effects Conflict over slavery in the territories Abolition of slavery Economic differences between the North and South Devastation of the South Failure of Congress to compromise Reconstruction of the South Election of Lincoln as president Long-Term Effects Growth of industry Secession of Southern states Government more powerful Firing on Fort Sumter Nation reunited