Unit 3 Part II CBHS Mr. Buttell Mid-19c European Nationalism Part II Unit 3 Part II CBHS Mr. Buttell

Eastern Europe in the Last Half of the 19c

Differing Nationalities in the Austrian Empire

Austrian Imperial Flag

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

The Compromise of 1867: The Dual Monarchy  Austria-Hungary Following revolutions of 1848, the Austrian monarchy attempted to suppress Hungarian culture, but w/little success. The Ausgleich Compromise of 1867, established the dual monarchy under Franz Joseph. Recognized political power of the Hungarians (Magyars), largest ethnic minority in the empire Austro-Hungary shared the same ministers for foreign policy, finance and defense. Provided autonomy by creating two capitals and two official languages Most people in Hungary identified as non-Hungarian ethnic groups (Ruthenians or Slovaks) and did not speak the Hungarian language. The Hungarian Flag

Austria-Hungary Trait Austria Hungary Largest Ethnic Group Germans were the majority of the population. Magyars (Hungarians) were the largest group, but not a majority. Capital Vienna, also the main capital of the empire. Budapest, though divided into separate cites of Buda and Pest until 1873. Religion Mostly Roman Catholic Mixture of Catholics and Protestants

Ethnic Unrest Both Hungarians and Austrians continued to neglect other minority groups. While Hungarians voted and served in Parliament, Croatians and Romanians lacked representation. Hungarian became approved language and languages such as Czech and Polish were not permitted. Nationalistic movement called Pan-Slavism took hold binding all ethnic Slavs together. Since Russia was the largest Slavic country, many Slavic people felt bonds with Russian slavs. The dual monarchy would collapse as a result of WWI, as other ethnic groups sought self-determination.

Russian Imperial Flag

A heterogeneous empire Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Defeat in the Crimean War. While Russia possessed a large army and empire, sheer size was no longer an advantage. Lacked industrialization and innovation. Alexander supported efforts to reform the Russian social system, infrastructure and legal code. Aristocrats refused to end serfdom. Issues Emancipation Manifesto abolishing serfdom, 1861. Process for peasants to obtain land became complicated. Most had to remain on the land until payment schedules could be established

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881] Most peasants had to make “redemption payments” to the govt. over long period to receive the land. He also created the “Zemstvo” which were elected councils meant to address local issues. At national level he implemented independent courts and demanded equality before the law. Encouraged and financed the construction of the railroad industry. By 1916, the Trans-Siberian RR stretched from Russia’s western border in Europe to Eastern borders in Asia. Introduced conscription to military.

Intelligentsia By attempting to balance westernization with traditional Slavic society, Russia became increasingly unstable. A group of radical Intelligentsia emerged—people who were encouraged to voice their political opinions through the expansion of universities and access to the printed word. Many became anarchists opposed to any formal govt. In 1881, one of the groups managed to assassinate the tsar. His successor, Alexander III cracks down on reform.

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894] Rejected liberal political reform Supported industrialization “Russification” Sergei Witte, finance minister modernized the economy Protective Tariff Russia on Gold Standard Sped up construction of Trans-Siberian RR Improved education related to commerce and technology Most Russians continued to live in poverty and oppression

Russian Expansion The Pale

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews “Temporary Laws”

Nicholas II: The Last Romanov Tsar [r. 1894-1917]

Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905] The “Yellow Peril”

Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]

Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]

Russian & Japanese Soldiers

Russia Is Humiliated

Treaty of Portsmouth [NH] - 1905 President Theodore Roosevelt Acts as the Peacemaker [He gets the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.]

The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905 The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

The Revolution Spreads

Russian Cossacks Slaughter The People in Odessa Anti-Jewish Attacks

Results

The Tsar’s October Manifesto Many Russians wanted a more liberal govt. in part to compete in the modern age. Nicholas II appointed Witte to frame liberal reforms Witte crafted the October Manifesto, which gave Russians the right to citizenship, freedom of speech, and universal suffrage for men. Russia created a representative body, the Duma, in which leaders could express their grievances. Though Tsar maintained power with right to veto any law, suffrage was also soon restricted.

Liberal Reforms Peter Stolypin Peter Stolypin, a conservative monarchist, passed agrarian reform to help the peasants. Wanted to end open-field system and replace with system of small landowners. Prosperous peasant class would stabilize Russia and prevent revolution Peter Stolypin

The Russian Constitution of 1906 Known as the Fundamental Laws [April 23, 1906]. The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was declared. The Tsar was supreme over the law, the church, and the Duma. It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.