Topics Early Archaeplastids – Rhodophytes, Chlorophytes and Bryophytes Plant Kingdom Ch. 27 & 28 Topics Early Archaeplastids – Rhodophytes, Chlorophytes and Bryophytes Adaptations to terrestrial life Plant life cycles Four major plant groups - cladograms

Plants ~445 mya (Paleozoic era), plants colonized land Seedless Plants Ch. 27. pp. 557-561. Plants ~445 mya (Paleozoic era), plants colonized land > 300,000 spp. Across the Earth Complex, mostly autotrophic, multicellular organisms, small to huge (duckweeds to sequoias) Green algae (ancestors) and plants share Chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids Starch and cellulose Cell plate during cell division Alternation of generation Molecular homology

More complex and variable alternation of generation Seedless Plants Ch. 27. pp. 558-559 Major Adaptations More complex and variable alternation of generation Gametophyte - Gametangia Antheredia - sperms Archegonia - an egg Sporophyte Sporogenous cells - spores

Seedless Plants Ch. 27. pp. 560-561. Plant Evolution

Bryophytes - Nonvascular Plants Seedless Plants Ch. 27. pp. 561-566. Bryophytes - Nonvascular Plants Most closely related to green algal ancestor (charophyte) Typically small, require damp regions - no vascular system, roots, stems, leaves Three groups: Liverworts (Phylum, Hepaticophyta) Mosses (Phylum, Bryophyta) Hornworts (Phylum, Anthocerotophyta)

Mosses: Phylum – Bryophyta – many are dioecious, need Seedless Plants Ch. 27. pp. 563-564. Mosses: Phylum – Bryophyta – many are dioecious, need rain/standing water to complete life cycle

Phylum - Rhodophyta Porphyra – sushi

Phylum – Chlorophyta – Chlamydomonas a single-celled, flagellated green algae

Phylum – Chlorophyta – Volvox zygotes (products of sexual reproduction Phylum – Chlorophyta – Volvox mother colony daughter colonies (products of asexual reproduction) individual cell

Phylum – Chlorophyta filamentous colony growth form a single cell

Phylum Chlorophyta – Ulva – sea lettuce a blade-forming colonial green algae

Phylum – Bryophyta – Polytrichum sp.

Phylum – Hepaticophyta – liverworts

Relationship between gametophyte and sporophyte in nonvascular plants (a), seedless vascular plants (b), and seed plants (c)