A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of Cycling With and Without Electrical Stimulation on Cardiorespiratory and Vascular Health in Children With.

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A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of Cycling With and Without Electrical Stimulation on Cardiorespiratory and Vascular Health in Children With Spinal Cord Injury Therese E. Johnston, PT, PhD, Brian T. Smith, MS, Mary J. Mulcahey, OTL/R, PhD, Randal R. Betz, MD, Richard T. Lauer, PhD Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Volume 90, Issue 8, Pages 1379-1388 (August 2009) DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.018 Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Child with paraplegia on the FES cycle. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009 90, 1379-1388DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.018) Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Flowchart diagram for the study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009 90, 1379-1388DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.018) Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 (A) V̇o2 values and (B) average percent change in V̇o2 per group. There were no differences between groups in uptake values over time (P=.588, power=.133); however, the FESC group showed a significant increase in average percent change as compared with the passive cycling group (P=.033, power=.651) with Bonferroni post hoc testing showing that the FESC group had a greater positive percent change than did the passive cycling group (P=.035) (FESC vs ES, P=1.00; PC vs ES, P=.185). In examining baseline and 6-month values within each group, the changes did not reach statistical significance (FESC, P=.056; PC, P=.095; ES, P=.23). Abbreviations: ES, electrical stimulation; FESC, functional electrical stimulation cycling; PC, passive cycling. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009 90, 1379-1388DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.018) Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Resting heart rate values per group. There were no changes in resting heart rate over time for any group (P=.991, power=.051). One-tailed paired t tests also showed no changes within each group (FESC, P=.12; PC, P=.16; ES, P=.18). The slight decline noted may be because of children being 6 months older. Abbreviations: ES, electrical stimulation; FESC, functional electrical stimulation cycling; PC, passive cycling. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009 90, 1379-1388DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.018) Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 FVC per group. There were no differences between groups over time for FVC when comparing baseline and 6-month values (P=.637, power=.098). One-tailed paired t tests also showed no changes within each group (FESC, P=.50; PC, P=.45; ES, P=.10). Abbreviations: ES, electrical stimulation; FESC, functional electrical stimulation cycling; PC, passive cycling. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009 90, 1379-1388DOI: (10.1016/j.apmr.2009.02.018) Copyright © 2009 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Terms and Conditions