Figure 5.1: For coffee to be the hottest when you are ready to drink it at a later time, you should add the cream initially, not just before drinking, as these data for the two cases illustrate. Fig. 5-1, p. 132

Figure 5.2: Thermos bottle (cutaway view). Fig. 5-2, p. 132

Table 5-1, p. 133

Table 5-2a, p. 134

Table 5-2b, p. 134

Figure 5.3: To obtain an R-value of 22 ft2-h-°F/Btu, you would have to use the indicated thicknesses of various materials. Fig. 5-3, p. 135

Superinsulated office building in Toronto, Canada, that uses no furnace. Heat from machines, lights, and people is stored and circulated. South-facing windows with insulating glass and excellent insulation are used. p. 136

Figure 5.4: Example of the calculation of thermal resistance value for a composite wall. Fig. 5-4, p. 136

Figure 5.5a: Thermal drapes mounted in this arrangement will contribute to heat losses rather than stop them. Fig. 5-5a, p. 137

Figure 5.5b: This arrangement is better for reducing convective losses. Fig. 5-5b, p. 137

A tight-fitting window shade or quilt can reduce heat loss by forming a layer of still air next to the window. The quilt itself also provides insulation. p. 138

Figure 5.6: Cold air infiltration can account for 50% of the energy needs of a house. Wherever there is a way for the air to get in, it will. Winds can significantly increase infiltration rates. Fig. 5-6, p. 139

Caulking around the foundation of a home reduces air infiltration. p. 139

Figure 5. 7: Types of weather stripping Figure 5.7: Types of weather stripping. Caulking all cracks and weather stripping all windows will reduce air infiltration. Such work is easy to do and very cost-effective (with payback times of one heating season or less). Fig. 5-7a, p. 140

Figure 5. 7: Types of weather stripping Figure 5.7: Types of weather stripping. Caulking all cracks and weather stripping all windows will reduce air infiltration. Such work is easy to do and very cost-effective (with payback times of one heating season or less). Fig. 5-7b, p. 140

Figure 5. 7: Types of weather stripping Figure 5.7: Types of weather stripping. Caulking all cracks and weather stripping all windows will reduce air infiltration. Such work is easy to do and very cost-effective (with payback times of one heating season or less). Fig. 5-7c, p. 140

Figure 5. 7: Types of weather stripping Figure 5.7: Types of weather stripping. Caulking all cracks and weather stripping all windows will reduce air infiltration. Such work is easy to do and very cost-effective (with payback times of one heating season or less). Fig. 5-7d, p. 140

Figure 5.8: Annual heating degree-days (DD). Fig. 5-8, p. 142

Figure 5.9: Planting trees on the leeward side of a hill can substantially reduce the wind velocity over the site. Vegetation or walls can block or deflect natural air flow patterns and so reduce convective heat loss. Fig. 5-9, p. 144

Table 5-3, p. 145

Figure 5.10: Summary of the effects of energy conservation measures on space heating requirements for a typical 1500-ft2 house in three climates. Fig. 5-10, p. 146

Figure 5.11: Passive solar cooling techniques use natural convection and the earth as a heat sink. Fig. 5-11a, p. 148

Figure 5.11: Passive solar cooling techniques use natural convection and the earth as a heat sink. Fig. 5-11b, p. 148

Figure 5.11: Passive solar cooling techniques use natural convection and the earth as a heat sink. Fig. 5-11c, p. 148

Figure 5.11: Passive solar cooling techniques use natural convection and the earth as a heat sink. Fig. 5-11d, p. 148

Figure 5.12: Radiant barriers can reduce heat gain in the attic of a house. Fig. 5-12, p. 148

Figure 5.13: Air conditioner operation. Fig. 5-13, p. 149

A residential heat pump.

Figure 5.14: Basic components of a heat pump system. Fig. 5-14a, p. 150

Figure 5.14: Basic components of a heat pump system. Fig. 5-14b, p. 150

Figure 5.15: Heat pump coefficient of performance (C.O.P.) curve. Fig. 5-15, p. 152

Figure 5. 16: Relative costs of different types of heating fuels Figure 5.16: Relative costs of different types of heating fuels. To determine the cost of using a heat pump, find the unit cost of electricity on the x-axis and move vertically to the appropriate heat pump C.O.P. curve. Then move horizontally to the y-axis to find the operating cost per million Btu. Find the intersection of this value with the line for gas or oil, and read off its cost on the x-axis. For example (as shown with dashed lines), using a heat pump with C.O.P. = 2.0 at an electricity cost of $0.05/kWh is equivalent to using gas at $0.52/therm or fuel oil at $0.67/gallon (with the furnace efficiencies shown). Fig. 5-16, p. 153

Table 5-4, p. 154

p. 159