B-cell biology and development

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
B Cell Tolerance Wendy Davidson Ph.D. May 3, 2011
Advertisements

Principles of Immunology B Cell Development 3/16/06 “Hard work has a future payoff but laziness pays off now.” Anonymous.
Chapter 14 B Lymphocytes. Contents  B cell receptor and B cell complex  B cell accessory molecules  B cell subpopulations  Functions of B cells 
Microarray analysis indicates that different subsets of B cells express specific “gene signatures.”
1 B Cell repertoire - role of B cell antigen receptors (BCR)
Cluster Designation Age: >2 years age Total T cells (CD3+)
B Cell Development Kathleen E. Sullivan MD PhD Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.
B Cell Development Learning Objectives for Lecture 11
B-Cell Maturation, Activation, and Differentiation.
Stages of Hematopoietic Development The hematopoietic system generates blood cells. The hematopoietic differentiation is unique because it does not require.
Chapter 13 Lymphocyte Maturation and Antigen Receptor Expression
Chapter 11 B-Cell Generation, Activation, and Differentiation
B CELL DEVELOPMENT AND ACTIVATION In healthy people, there are mature B cells with the capacity to make antibodies to virtually any antigen. Bone marrow.
B Cell Activation Abul K. Abbas UCSF FOCiS.
ANTIGEN-INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT
Adaptive Immunity Central objective: Protect against foreign invaders memoryCreate memory of invasion to prevent recurrent infection specificResponse.
Chapter 8 The Development and Survival of Lymphocytes.
B-cell biology and development
B Cells and Antibodies Abul K. Abbas UCSF FOCiS.
Development of B and T lymphocytes
A. Central B-cell tolerance: As T cells do in the thymus, B-cells rearrange their B-cell receptor (BCR) in the bone marrow. Unproductive rearrangements.
Biology of B cells In mammals, the early stages of B cell differentiation take place in the bone marrow and throughout the life of an individual. Different.
Defective calcium signaling and disrupted CD20–B-cell receptor dissociation in patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders  Annick A.J.M.
Molecular regulation of mast cell activation
Antibody production and B cell differentiation
Anti-IgE as a mast cell–stabilizing therapeutic agent
Proximal signaling events in FcɛRI-mediated mast cell activation
Defects of class-switch recombination
A homozygous mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue 1 (MALT1) mutation in a family with combined immunodeficiency  Haifa H. Jabara, BSc, Toshiro Ohsumi, PhD,
Laurent L'homme, PhD, David Dombrowicz, PhD 
Primary immunodeficiency diseases associated with increased susceptibility to viral infections and malignancies  Nima Rezaei, MD, PhD, Mona Hedayat, MD,
Chapter 10 B-Cell Development
Innate signals in mucosal immunoglobulin class switching
Primary Immunodeficiencies
Immunologic pathomechanism of Hodgkin's lymphoma
Magdalena A. Berkowska, PhD, Jorn J
The who, where, and when of IgE in allergic airway disease
by Nicholas Chiorazzi, and Manlio Ferrarini
Signaling molecules as therapeutic targets in allergic diseases
Interfering with baffled B cells at the lupus tollway: Promises, successes, and failed expectations  Namrata Singh, MD, Bharat Kumar, MD, Vijay Aluri,
Mechanisms of mast cell signaling in anaphylaxis
Jianzhong Chen, Ph. D. Institute of Immunology, ZJU
Molecular regulation of mast cell activation
Severe asthma: Advances in current management and future therapy
TNF-α–induced protein 3 (A20): The immunological rheostat
The enigma of IgE+ B-cell memory in human subjects
MicroRNAs: Essential players in the regulation of inflammation
Immune defects caused by mutations in the ubiquitin system
Adaptive immunity Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Peter J. Barnes, FRS, FMedSci 
Development of B and T lymphocytes
Abbas Chapter 8 Lymphocyte Development and the
Biologics and biomarkers for asthma, urticaria, and nasal polyposis
Role of IgE in autoimmunity
Ricardo U. Sorensen, MD, Luke A. Wall, MD 
B-lymphocyte lineage cells and the respiratory system
Charles E. Reed, MD, Hirohito Kita, MD 
Marc C. Levesque, MD, PhD, E. William St. Clair, MD 
Molecular mechanisms of IgE regulation
Manfred Fliegauf, PhD, Bodo Grimbacher, MD 
The role of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in antibody diversification, immunodeficiency, and B-cell malignancies  Zhonghui Luo, MS, Diana Ronai,
Update on glucocorticoid action and resistance
Clinical consequences of defects in B-cell development
Primary immunodeficiencies: A rapidly evolving story
Cagri Yildirim-Toruner, MD, Betty Diamond, MD 
Primary immunodeficiencies may reveal potential infectious diseases associated with immune-targeting mAb treatments  László Maródi, MD, PhD, Jean-Laurent.
Targeting TNF-α: A novel therapeutic approach for asthma
Advances in basic and clinical immunology in 2013
Defective calcium signaling and disrupted CD20–B-cell receptor dissociation in patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders  Annick A.J.M.
Monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins and their complications: Targeting B cells in autoimmune diseases  Susan Lee, MD, Mark Ballow, MD  Journal of.
Presentation transcript:

B-cell biology and development Kathrin Pieper, MSc, Bodo Grimbacher, MD, Hermann Eibel, PhD  Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  Volume 131, Issue 4, Pages 959-971 (April 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.046 Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 B-cell development and B-cell subsets. B cells develop in the BM from hematopoietic precursor cells (HSC). Recombination-activating gene (RAG) 1/2–dependent rearrangement of the H-chain, D-gene, and J-gene segments from germline (GL) starts at the pro–B-cell stage. V-gene segment rearrangement follows in the early pre-B cell stage. In CD10+ CD19+ pre-B cells, functional H-chains (VDJ-Cμ) pair with V-preB and λ-like, forming the pre-BCR, which is expressed within a cell and not detected on the surface. Pre-BCR–induced signals shut down RAG expression, preventing the rearrangement of the second H-chain allele and inducing proliferation. Next, RAG genes are re-expressed to initiate V-J rearrangement of L-chains. Successfully rearranged κ or λ L-chains replace V-preB/λ5 of the pre-BCR pair with the H-chain and form IgM. IgM expressed by immature B cells changes the expression pattern of many genes and initiates egress into the circulation. Immature B cells enter the spleen as transitional B cells, where they receive survival signals through BAFF-R and complete the first stage of development as MZ B cells or follicular B cells, depending on the specificity of their BCR. On contact with antigen and supported by NBH cells, MZ B cells develop into short-lived plasma cells. Follicular B cells are activated by antigen binding and develop in GCs supported by TH cells into memory B cells (CSR+) or plasma cells (PC). Activation of B cells induces AID and other components of the SHM/class-switch machinery, thus changing the affinity of the BCR and the isotype (IgM to IgG, IgA, or IgE). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 959-971DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.046) Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 BCR and BAFF-R signaling cascades in B cells. Antigen binding to surface IgM induces conformational changes in the BCR, including the signaling components Ig-α (CD79A) and Ig-β (CD79B). The conformational changes allow binding of the tyrosine kinases, such as spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), and initiates several key signaling cascades composed of protein phosphorylation and processing reactions. Spleen tyrosine kinase phosphorylates Ig-α/Ig-β and the adapter protein SLP65 (BLNK), serving as scaffold for other substrates, including BTK. Phosphorylation of downstream substrates, including the phosphatidylinositol-4.5 bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase C (PLCγ2), activates downstream transcription factors, such as NF-κB1, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and serum response factor (SRF). AKT (PKB) induces protein synthesis and cellular fitness, prolonging cell survival. BCR signals activate sphingosine-kinase 1 (SPHK1). The enzyme phosphorylates sphingosine (Sph), a metabolite of the membrane lipid sphingomyelin, to generate S1P, which is required by TNF receptor–associated factor 2 (TRAF2) as a cofactor. BAFF binds to BAFF-R and with lower affinity to TACI and BCMA, whereas APRIL only binds to TACI and BCMA. BAFF-R is expressed by all B cells, TACI by MZ and memory B cells, and BCMA by activated B and plasma cells. The alternative NF-κB pathway is activated by BAFF binding to BAFF-R. Conformational changes of BAFF-R promote TRAF binding and allow release of the NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK). NIK activates inhibitor of NF-κB kinase α (IKKα), which phosphorylates NF-κB2 p100. Phosphorylated p100 is processed on ubiquitination into the active form p52, which assembles with relB into a transcriptional activator upregulating prosurvival genes. BAFF-R signaling also induces AKT and protein synthesis, thus increasing cellular fitness. DAG, Diacylglycerol; IP3, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PKC, protein kinase C. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 959-971DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.046) Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Genetic defects interrupting B-cell development. Genetic defects interrupting B-cell development at different stages are boxed in red. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 959-971DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.046) Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 B-cell tolerance models. If immature B cells bind to self-antigens, they can undergo secondary rearrangement of L-chain loci to generate new specificities with lower affinity to self-antigens. Strongly binding cells will die in the BM; all other cells emigrate to the spleen, where BCRs bind to self-antigens with various affinities. Strong binding can lead to exclusion from B-cell follicles, and intermediate binding can lead to enhanced IgM internalization and functional anergy. Binding of (foreign) antigens to IgD combined with T-cell help rescues anergic B cells and allows activation and entry into the GC reaction. Cells exposed to self-antigens in the GCs are not selected into the pool of long-lived switched memory B cells and plasma cells. B cells expressing BCRs reactive against self-antigens located outside of the GCs are selected into the memory B lymphocyte and plasma cell pool. This mechanism might account for the generation of autoreactive B cells in patients with autoimmune diseases. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013 131, 959-971DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.046) Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions