The γ-Crystallins and Human Cataracts: A Puzzle Made Clearer

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The γ-Crystallins and Human Cataracts: A Puzzle Made Clearer Elise Héon, Megan Priston, Daniel F. Schorderet, Gail D. Billingsley, Philippe Othenin Girard, Nicolette Lubsen, Francis L. Munier The American Journal of Human Genetics Volume 65, Issue 5, Pages 1261-1267 (November 1999) DOI: 10.1086/302619 Copyright © 1999 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Clinical example of an aculeiform cataract (left) and a Coppock-like cataract (right), shown by transillumination slit-lamp photography. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1999 65, 1261-1267DOI: (10.1086/302619) Copyright © 1999 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Mutational analysis of CRYGC. a, Sequence chromatograms showing the single-base-pair substitution 225A→C of CRYGC exon 2, found in individuals affected with the Coppock-like–cataract phenotype. b,HphI restriction-enzyme digestion of CRYGC exon 2 of a branch of the original Coppock-like–cataract family. The wild-type fragment contains HphI restriction-enzyme sites that cut the product into fragments of 344, 82, and 358 bp, which would show one band on the agarose gel. The 225A→C mutation disrupts the second restriction-enzyme site, and products of 344 and 440 bp are observed as two bands on a stained agarose gel. Blackened and unblackened symbols represent affected and unaffected individuals, respectively. Symbols are numbered on the basis of the generation identifiers in the original publication (Lubsen et al. 1987), with all individuals numbered from left to right in ascending order. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1999 65, 1261-1267DOI: (10.1086/302619) Copyright © 1999 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Mutational analysis of CRYGD. a, Sequence chromatograms showing the single-base-pair substitution 411G→A of CRYGD (exon 2; nucleotides 404–418) found in individuals affected with the aculeiform-cataract phenotype. b, Mutational analysis (i.e., ARMS) of CRYGD exon 2. The ARMS assay shows cosegregation of the 411G→A mutation with the aculeiform-cataract phenotype in three Swiss families (families A–C). Selective amplification of a 194-bp PCR product for the 411G→A mutation is seen in affected individuals only. The 410-bp fragment amplified with primers for the marker D1S1663 is an internal control for the PCR reaction and is present in all lanes. The American Journal of Human Genetics 1999 65, 1261-1267DOI: (10.1086/302619) Copyright © 1999 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Protein-structure prediction of mutated γ-crystallin D: human γ-D crystallin prediction by SWISS-MODEL, illustrating the ARG58HIS mutation (blue) and surrounding region, protein backbone (yellow), and beta sheets (red). Note that amino acid 58 occurs between two β sheets. The R groups involved with putative hydrogen bonding are displayed; dashed green lines denote strong bonds, and dashed purple lines denote weak bonds. Left, Wild-type γ-D crystallin showing ARG58 and putative hydrogen bond between its R group (blue) and the oxygen of the carbonyl group of ILE170 near the C terminus. Right, Mutated γ-D crystallin showing HIS58 and new putative hydrogen bonds between its R group (blue) and R group of ASP171 (orange). Also predicted are hydrogen bonding with the backbone of PHE172 (at the nitrogen of the amide backbone) and weaker hydrogen bonding with the backbone of SER173 (at the nitrogen of the amide backbone). The American Journal of Human Genetics 1999 65, 1261-1267DOI: (10.1086/302619) Copyright © 1999 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions