Can you think of any temperature patterns on Earth? 1

The sun is constantly releasing energy in all directions The sun is constantly releasing energy in all directions. This energy is known as solar radiation. What is insolation? Space The atmosphere Solar radiation In order to have a better understanding of the issue of global warming, we have to know more about insolation. Insolation - Solar radiation that is received in the atmosphere or on the earth’s surface. Incoming solar radiation. Insolation Earth’s surface Earth’s surface

(ozone) .

Most shortwave radiation is absorbed by are atmosphere (ozone). What prevents the re-radiated long-waves, like infrared radiation (heat) from escaping? Greenhouse Gases

Factors affecting insolation received on the earth’s surface What factors affect insolation received on the earth’s surface? Factors affecting insolation received on the earth’s surface Angle of the sun Duration of daylight The atmosphere Latitude Time of day / rotation Season (tilt / revolution)

How does the angle of the sun affect the intensity of insolation? The angle of the sun refers to the angle at which sunlight strikes the earth’s surface. When the sun is directly overhead, or when the angle of the sun is 90°, it is known as the overhead sun. Overhead sun Area A Area B Angle of the sun Area to warm up Intensity of insolation How does the angle of the sun affect the intensity of insolation? 90° / Right angle < 90° Smaller Larger High / More intense Low / Less intense

Angle of Sun at different latitudes – Do you see a pattern? Direct insolation (high angle 90°) is absorbed more and indirect (low angle) <30°) is reflected.

Is insolation evenly distributed on the earth? - Less insolation More insolation + Average annual insolation over the earth’s surface In general, insolation received ( decreases / increases ) with increasing latitude. The distribution of insolation on the earth’s surface is ( even / uneven ).

Is insolation evenly distributed on the earth? Why does insolation vary with latitudes? Average annual insolation over the earth’s surface The areas around _______ N and S latitude receive the highest value of insolation. Which areas receive the highest value of insolation?

Maximum insolation received Maximum insolation received

Insolation is reflected by clouds Why does the maximum insolation received occur at around 23 1/2 N and S but not at the Equator? The climate is drier and there is less cloud cover at around N and S. The earth’s surface receives more insolation, so the amount of insolation is greatest here. Space The atmosphere Insolation is reflected by clouds Dense cloud cover Less cloud cover Less cloud cover The amount of cloud cover in the equatorial regions is high. Much of the solar radiation is reflected by clouds. This may reduce the amount of insolation reaching the earth’s surface. S 0° N

Earth’s Tilt and Rotation around the sun affect the amount of insolation that Earth, this creates seasonal changes.

What does Kepler’s Law have to do with this? Does it have much of an impact on Earth?

Duration of daylight changes based on the seasons and latitude Equator Equator

The amount of insolation received in a 24 hour period Describe what is happening at 10am?

Fun Fact: Insolation can be scattered by gases and aerosols (pollutants), example - oxygen scatters the blue portion of visible light making the sky appear blue, aerosols and other gases cause sunsets.

Nature of Earth’s surface - The earth’s surface is made of different materials and the insolation received reacts differently because of texture and color.