Human Blood Groups … Chapter 10 continued … c. ABO Blood Groups Based on the presence which two antigens = A & B Type AB blood: A and B antigens present Plasma Antibodies for ________ Type A Blood: A antigen is present Plasma Antibodies for ________ Type B blood: B antigen is present Type O blood: No antigens are present A B B A A A A B B B

Emergency Situations– no time to blood type patient ABO Blood Groups … d. Transfusion issues Emergency Situations– no time to blood type patient Universal Donor: O because the blood cells have no ABO antigens on it Universal Recipient: AB because patient’s immune system does not react to A and B antigens as it does not make A or B antibodies Type B can receive B and O blood Type A can receive A and O blood Non-emergency Situations– have time to blood type Match type of Blood due to cross-reaction of antibodies in the transfused blood

ABO Blood Groups Blood Group RBC Antigens Plasma antibodies Blood that can be received AB A, B None A, B, AB, O Universal recipient B Anti-A B, O A Anti-B A, O O Anti-A, Anti-B Universal donor

Human Blood Groups … b. Rh Blood Groups Presence (+) or absence of the Rh (-) antigens (8 different types) Most Americans: Rh+ = has antigen Rh– people do NOT have the Rh antibodies to start off, but develop them upon exposure to the Rh antigen PROBLEMS Transfusions: Rh- given Rh+ blood Problems in Pregnancy Only in Rh– mothers

Rh– Mothers of a Rh+ child… If Child is Rh- There is no problem as baby does not have the Rh factor, like the mother If Child is Rh+ Normally mother-baby blood does not mix so there is no problem for first Rh+ baby born But immune system is then sensitized to Rh antigen and Rh antibodies are produced by the mother 2nd Rh+ baby, the mother’s Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and reach the Fetus and they attack the fetus’ blood = hemolytic disease of the new-born usually ends in the death of the new-born RhoGAM shot can prevent anti-Rh+ buildup

4. Blood Typing Blood type lab tested: by using artificial antibodies that react to antigens that are from the person being tested ABO and Rh blood group antigens are tested A Blood sample is mixed with artificial Antibodies: anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum Agglutination (clumping of blood cells) indicates that the antigen is present in the person’s blood and indicates what there Blood Type is Usually a person’s blood is Cross matching: both donors and recipients blood tested and the proper blood type is transfused when possible Example: type A only given type A etc …

Serum Blood being tested Anti-A Anti-B Type AB (contains antigens A and B; agglutinates with both A and B artificial antibodies) Agglutinated RBCs Type B (contains antigen B; agglutinates with anti-B serum) Type A (contains antigen A; agglutinates with anti-A serum) Type O (contains no antigens; does not agglutinate with either serum) Figure 10.8

V. Developmental Aspects of Blood Students do: *Sites of blood cell formation in fetus and new-born END OF CHAPTER 10

The Cardiovascular System 11 16 slides The Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System Introduction: *2 Organs & 1Tissues of the Cardiovascular System: what are they? *Organs = *Tissue = Anterior View

Anterior View Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Superior vena cava Left subclavian artery Right pulmonary artery Aortic arch Ligamentum arteriosum Ascending aorta Left pulmonary artery Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Left atrium Auricle of left atrium Right atrium Circumflex artery Right coronary artery in coronary sulcus (right atrioventricular groove) Left coronary artery in coronary sulcus (left atrioventricular groove) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Great cardiac vein Marginal artery Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Small cardiac vein Inferior vena cava Apex (a) Anterior View Figure 11.3a

I. The Heart A. Introduction *Location: Basic Structure: Chambers 2nd Rib A. Introduction *Location: Basic Structure: Chambers *Base *Apex Size = *Main Tissue Type: 3. *Basic Function: Sternum Diaphragm 7th Rib Diaphragm Anterior View Base Diaphragm Apex

Midsternal line 2nd rib Sternum Diaphragm (a) Point of maximal intensity (PMI) (a) Anterior View Figure 11.1a

Anterior View Superior vena cava Aorta Parietal pleura (cut) Pulmonary trunk Left lung Pericardium (cut) Apex of heart Diaphragm Anterior View (c) Figure 11.1c

B. Anatomy Heart Coverings = Pericardium = a double-walled sac; made of “a” and “b” below a. Fibrous pericardium: describe b. Serous membrane: Visceral pericardium = epicardium of heart which is part of the Pericardium and the Heart Wall Parietal pericardium c. *Serous fluid: Fibrous Pericardium Parietal Pericardium Visceral P.

Mediastinum Heart Left lung Posterior (b) Superior View of a Transverse Section Figure 11.1b

2. The Heart: Heart Wall give location and tissue for all the below a. *Epicardium Tissue b. *Myocardium c. *Endocardium (Endothelium) Pericardium Pulmonary trunk Fibrous pericardium Parietal pericardium Pericardium Pericardial cavity Myocardium Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium) Heart Wall Myocardium Endocardium Heart chamber

i) *Structure: size, amount of muscle? ii) Receive blood from: 3. Chambers– 4 a. Atria i) *Structure: size, amount of muscle? ii) Receive blood from: Right A. Left A. b. Ventricles i) *Structure size, amount of muscle? ii) Pump blood to: Right V. Left V. RA LA LV RV Anterior View of frontal section

Anterior View showing a transverse section Left ventricle Right ventricle Anterior View showing a transverse section Muscular interventricular septum Figure 11.5

4. The Heart: Septa - Mostly made up cardiac muscle a. Interventricular septum *Separates: b. Interatrial septum Anterior View

5. The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation Rule about Arteries and Veins Veins Arteries b) General Path of Blood into Arteries and from Veins Into heart via Veins  _______________ Atria  _______________ of same side Ventricle  ________________ Anterior View

The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation … c) Two Circulations i) Systemic circulation: From left side of the heart: to ii) Pulmonary circulation: From right side of the heart to: iii) Blood in both circulations: move in synchrony as they are connected are via the heart chambers d) Like 2 separate pumps *Right Side of Heart pumps blood to where? *Left Side of Heart pumps blood to where?

Figure 11.4 Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs Pulmonary Circuit Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Venae cavae Aorta and branches Left atrium Left ventricle Right atrium Heart Right ventricle Systemic Circuit Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs KEY: Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood Figure 11.4

- Two types of valves– total of 4 valves Atrioventricular (AV) valves 6. The Heart: Valves - *Function: - Two types of valves– total of 4 valves Atrioventricular (AV) valves - *Are between ? i) *Cusps ii) *Chordae Tendineae function iii) Specific Valves: Bicuspid (mitral) Tricuspid (right) Bicuspid Tricuspid Anterior View

b) Semilunar valves -. Are between b) Semilunar valves - *Are between ? i) Pulmonary semilunar ii) Aortic semilunar Aortic S Pulmonary S Anterior View

Superior vena cava Aorta Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Left atrium Right atrium Left pulmonary veins Right pulmonary veins Pulmonary semilunar valve Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid valve) Fossa ovalis Aortic semilunar valve Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) Left ventricle Right ventricle Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum Inferior vena cava Myocardium Visceral pericardium (b) Anterior View showing Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves. Figure 11.3b