Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Ethics and Leadership Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Outline Moral Development Freudian Theory Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s Levels Social Learning Theory Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Psychodynamic Theory  Sigmund Freud: Three part construction of personality  Id Home of primitive animalistic energy and subconscious drives such as hunger and sex.    Ego The conscious, rational aspect of personality which mediates between the demands of the id and the behavioral expectations of the world.  The ego exercises reason and sanity, evaluates consequences, and determines a course of action. Superego Develops between ages 3-5 – one’s conscience.  An internalized sense of morality learned from one’s parents.  Yields guilt when disobeyed.  Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Critical Assessment of Freudian Theory Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Critical Assessment of Freudian Theory On what evidence is Freudian theory based? Freud’s experience was largely limited to troubled, wealthy women.  He never worked with children. There is no empirical evidence supporting many of his theoretical constructs Lacking empirical verification, many of his theories are not clearly defined or explained.  Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Kohlberg’s Levels Kohlberg’s theory has 3 levels (6 stages) of moral development Focuses primarily on moral values such as fairness, justice, equity, and human dignity Assessing development level Heinz dilemma It is the reasoning of their responses, not the answer itself. Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Heinz’s Dilemma In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done that?    Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Kohlberg’s Levels Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles Postconventional level Conventional level Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval Preconventional level Morality of self-interest: to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Kohlbergs Theory Level I: Preconventional Morality externally controlled- punishment = bad reward=good Stage I: Punishment and obedience orientation…. obey due to superior power and rules Fear of authority and avoid punishment Ignore peoples intentions –can not see two points of view Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Level I Kohlberg Stage II: Individualism, Instrumental purpose, and exchange… Immediate interest; what is good brings good results Reciprocity beginning—equal exchange of favors Start to understand that people can have different perspectives in a dilemma Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Kohlberg’s Theory Level II-Conventional Morality Preserving societal order---sustaining relationships STAGE 3: Interpersonal Expectations and Conformity “good boy/bad girl” maintain affection and approval of significant individuals Promotion of social harmony Begin to understand idea behind the golden rule—ideal reciprocity Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Level II Kohlberg STAGE 4: Social-order Maintenance Moral actions are defined by larger social groups—fulfill self-defined duties and uphold laws Societal laws taken into consideration and can not be broken for any reason Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Kohlberg’s Theory Level III: Post Conventional Morality More abstract principles rather than rules that apply to many situations STAGE 5: Social Contract Imagine alternatives to social order, rules are a contract that can be changed—free and willing participation Laws need to be consistent with human rights Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Level III Kohlberg STAGE 6: Universal Ethical Principles Self-chosen ethics –system of values and principles—respect for the worth of individuals Respect for worth and dignity of each individual Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Moral Development Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory Cross-cultural validity Non-western cultures rarely above stage 4 Socialist people and the Heinz dilemma Buddhist monks Family influences Family plays an important role (ignored in Kohlberg’s model) Study of parents talking to children about dilemmas Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Gender and Kohlberg’s scale Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Gender and Kohlberg’s scale When Kohlberg’s instrument was administered on a large scale, it was discovered that females often scored a full stage below their male counterparts. The moral reasoning of women and girls was more likely to value looking for a solution that preserved connections. This often looked like the “good girl” orientation, Level 2. Gilligan’s argument Men: justice and fairness Women: responsibility to show care and avoid harm Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Differences between Men’s Moral Voices and Women’s Moral Voices Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Differences between Men’s Moral Voices and Women’s Moral Voices Men Justice Rights Treating everyone fairly and the same Apply rules impartially to everyone Responsibility toward abstract codes of conduct Women Care Responsibility Caring about everyone’s suffering Preserve emotional connectedness Responsibility toward real individuals Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Differences between Men’s and Women’s View of the Self Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Differences between Men’s and Women’s View of the Self Women Relatedness Interdependence Emotional connectedness Responsiveness to needs of others Web of relationships Empathy & connectedness guide interactions Roles are secondary to connections Men Autonomy Freedom Independence Separateness Hierarchy Rules guide interactions Roles establish places in the hierarchy Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Gilligan Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Social Learning Theory Perspective Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Social Learning Theory Perspective Modeling and Positive Discipline Reinforcement (positive discipline): Our parents teach us that it is good to be helpful-- we are rewarded for helping and punished for not helping Model characteristics that promote imitation warmth and responsiveness competence and power consistency between assertions and behavior Positive discipline helps children acquire positive behavior Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Punishment Promotes only momentary compliance Undesirable side effects: Adult models of aggression Learn to avoid the punishing adult Offers immediate relief to parents (reinforced for using coercive discipline), so that parent is more likely to punish with greater frequency over time (can spiral into serious abuse) Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Social Learning Theory: Example Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Social Learning Theory: Example The Salvation Army Santa Claus study: When a confederate walked out of a store in front of a SS and gave a dollar to Santa Claus, the SS was more likely to give a dollar himself than when there was no confederate Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Social Learning Theory: Example Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Social Learning Theory: Example Rushton & Campbell, 1977: SS and confederate interacted in the lab Left the study together and passed a blood donation booth 2 conditions: Confederate volunteered to give blood or not Results: Model = 67% agreed to donate--33% followed through No model = 25% agreed to donate-- 0% followed through Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics

Foundations of Leadership Studies 4/19/2019 Discussion How do these theories of moral development relate to the study of leadership? Be sure to address both the leader and the follower in your discussion Lecture 27: Morals and Ethics