Q: What are living things made of? A: We are what we eat. Review: Biomolecules Q: What are living things made of? A: We are what we eat.

Organic vs. Inorganic CH4 H2O Organic: Contains carbon Inorganic: Doesn’t contain carbon

Carbon – A special element It can share 4 electrons at one time. Which allows it to form single, double or triple bonds

Molecular Chains of Carbon and Hydrogen Carbon can form very long chains of molecules called HYDROCARBONS Methane, Ethane Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane, and Decane

Monomer vs. Polymer What’s the difference? Monomer= Building Block Polymer= Building

Life Substances a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Nucleic acids There are 4 organic compounds that make up living things: a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Nucleic acids d. Lipids

CARBOHYDRATES Sugars/starches Give us (animals) quick energy Short term energy storage in the form of glycogen Provide plants with structural support (cellulose) AND energy

What are carbohydrates made up of? Carbon (C) “-hydrate” = water (H2O) a common carbohydrate formula: C6H12O6 Glucose!

Three Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides = 1 sugar Disaccharides = 2 sugars Polysaccharides = many sugars

Sugars Sugar names end with –ose They have a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group.

Structure of Sugars Sugars can exist as linear chains or ring structures.

Monosaccharides “One sugar”: Simplest type of sugar C6H12O6 Simplest type of sugar The building blocks of all other sugar types examples: fructose (fruit sugar ) glucose (blood sugar )

Disacharrides “Two sugars” attached with a covalent bond [C12H22O11] (2 monosaccharides put together) * What reaction puts them together? examples: lactose (milk sugar) sucrose (table sugar) maltose (beer sugar)

Condensation Reaction Attaching monomers to make a BIGGER molecule glucose + fructose = sucrose monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide A water molecule is produced as a side product.

Polysaccharides “Many sugars” attached with covalent bonds (just like making disaccharides) examples: pasta, bread, corn starch (amylose) plant cell walls (cellulose)

Recap for carbohydrates: Made of C, H, O In animals: used for quick energy In plants: used for energy storage/ structural support There are three types (mono, di, poly) The building block of any carbohydrate is a monosaccharide.

Proteins Provide the structure of living things Enzymes play an important role in chemical reactions in the cell Are large, complex molecules

Elements found in proteins C, H, O, & nitrogen (N) and sometimes sulfur (S) The simplest part of a protein is called: An amino acid (there are 20 different types)

The 20 amino acids link together in various combinations to form different proteins Ex: skin protein, muscle protein, blood protein, etc…

All proteins: Are long chains of amino acids Are held together by covalent bonds* * called peptide bonds Are also called polypeptides (because of the type of covalent bond)

How amino acids link: H2O is produced. . . = condensation rxn! Peptide bond is between C & N R | H2N--C--C--OH | | | H O R | H2N--C--C--OH | | | H O H is removed from one a.a. and & OH is removed from another a.a. H2O is produced. . . = condensation rxn!

Examples of Proteins: Structural proteins- hair, nails, horns, and hooves Muscles (all meats are protein) Enzymes (speed up a chemical reactions)

Enzymes Some chemical reactions need a catalyst to make the reaction “go”. A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up a reaction without getting changed in the process= enzyme

Enzymes Enzymes are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

How Enzymes Work Enzymes bind temporarily to the substrate Enzymes bind only to particular substrates

Things that affect reaction rates of enzymes: pH Temperature Concentration of enzyme and substrate

Recap for proteins: Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S Can be enzymes or structural They are long chains (“trains”) The chains are made of amino acids (“cars in the train”) The building block of any protein is an amino acid

Nucleic Acids Function: heredity (passing on traits) They store heredity information in a code form that is responsible for making proteins Found in all cells as DNA or RNA

What are DNA and RNA? DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid RNA- ribonucleic acid

The elements found in nucleic acids: Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus

DNA: the “genetic code” DNA is found in all cells DNA holds the master code DNA determines how one looks and acts

All about RNA: RNA is important in passing on the information from DNA

Monomer of Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are made of repeating units called nucleotides.

Recap for Nucleic Acids: Made of C, H, O, N, and P They are used by organisms for storage of information DNA and RNA are examples The building block of any nucleic acid is a nucleotide

The Facts on Fats: Fats are also known as lipids. They are very important in the makeup of the cell membrane. They are a stored energy source in animals.

Elements in Lipids Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O)

A glycerol and 3 fatty acids How Lipids are Put Together A glycerol and 3 fatty acids This one is called a “triglyceride”

Ester Bonds Ester bonds are the bonds that are formed when the fatty acids attach to the glycerol molecule during a condensation reaction.

Types of lipids Saturated fats vs. unsaturated Unsaturated Saturated: double/triple bonds liquid room temp olive oil,corn oil (usually plant fats) Saturated: single bonds only solid room temp Ex: butter, steak (usually animal fats)

Characteristics of lipids Lipids are insoluble in water Because non-polar - and do not attract to polar water molecules Therefore, they are described as Hydrophobic

Recap for Lipids: Made of C, H, and O Do not have monomers Instead they are made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids Can be saturated or unsaturated Used for long term energy storage

Vitamins ORGANIC C: Wound Healing D: Strong bones K: Blood Clotting

Minerals Are INORGANIC