SUKARRADUN BULARRETAKO HAURRA

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Presentation transcript:

SUKARRADUN BULARRETAKO HAURRA

LARRIALDI ZERBITZUA - 2004

PAPELETAK

PAPELETAK Itxura Aurrekinak Adina Sukarra PCV-7 Analitika

PAT

Pediatric Assesment Triangle Arnasketa Itxura The Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) is an observational first impression before touching the patient. What you see and hear as you first encounter the patient can allow you to formulate a visual and auditory first impression. It tells the experienced clinician how to prioritize further assessment. It determines life-threatening emergencies that need immediate attention. Identifies the general category of physiologic abnormality, which formalizes the general impression Establishes severity of illness Determines urgency of interventions The PAT can be completed in seconds and is based on three categories of observations: Appearance (mental status) Work of Breathing Circulation to the Skin Zirkulazioa

Itxura Tonoa Aktibitatea Kontsolagarritasuna Begirada Negarra Appearance reflects adequacy of ventilation, oxygenation, brain perfusion, body homeostasis, and central nervous system (CNS) function. The “tickles” (TICLS) mnemonic helps to recall observations that give a general impression of appearance. Tone: Is there normal motor movement? Is the infant/child limp and listless, or moving vigorously? Interactiveness: Is the patient alert? Irritable? Lethargic? Does the patient respond appropriately to the environment? Consolability: Is the patient easily comforted/consoled? Is he/she agitated and inconsolable? Look/Gaze: Does the patient fix on a face or object, or is the patient glassy-eyed, with a “nobody-home” stare? Speech/Cry: Is the cry/speech weak, muffled, hoarse? An infant with poor brain perfusion, CNS infection, or brain injury often will have a high-pitched or cephalic cry. Appearance is very dependent on the child’s developmental age.

Arnasketa Arnas zarata anormalak Posizio anormala Uzkurdurak Flapping Buruzkak Work of breathing is a quick observational indicator of the adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation. Observe the patient carefully before laying on hands. Listen for audible sounds, and look for signs of increased effort to breathe. Abnormal airway sounds include: Stridor, muffled speech, hoarse voice, and snoring all reflect upper airway obstruction. Grunting is caused by an effort to exhale on a closed glottis to keep alveoli from collapsing, and suggests lower airway disease. Wheezing is caused by lower airway partial obstruction as heard with asthma or bronchiolitis. The position that a patient with increased work of breathing takes is revealing. Tripoding is seen in patients trying to maximize use of accessory muscles to improve ventilation. The “sniffing” position is seen with severe upper airway obstruction as an attempt to line up the axes of the airway to improve air flow. Look carefully for retractions in the intercostal and supraclavicular areas. Nasal flaring and head bobbing are signs of severe respiratory distress.

Zirkulazioa Zurbiltasuna Azal moteatua Zianosia The skin is an organ that has easily seen visual responses to both early and late shock, as well as respiratory failure. Taking time to observe skin color and signs is time well spent! Pallor cannot be ignored. In the trauma patient, it can be a sign of significant occult internal bleeding and need for immediate fluid/blood resuscitation. In the patient with septic or hypovolemic shock, it suggests the need for rapid fluid resuscitation. Children have excellent catecholamine responses to shock, and this can be easily seen as pallor when assessing the PAT. Mottling occurs when the skin starts to lose microvascular integrity. Areas of vasodilatation interspersed with vasoconstriction will give a patchy network of pallor, erythema, and/or cyanosis that is referred to as mottling. This is a pre-morbid condition, and late sign of shock. In small infants, mottling should not be confused with cutis marmorata, or irregular marbled skin often seen in a cool ambient environment. Cyanosis reflects poor tissue oxygenation, and can be seen with respiratory failure or cardiorespiratory compromise.

FOKORIK AL DU? Fokorik gabeko sukarra Arnas zeinurik ez Zeinu digestiborik ez Azterketa fisikoak ez du argitzen sukarraren arrazoia: Erdiko otitis akutua Hezur-artikulazio edo ehun bigunen infekzioa Biriketako auskultazio anormala.

FOKORIK AL DU? Fokorik? Bai ez Ikusten ez dudan zerbait edukiko du? Arazo birala izango da?

AZTERKETA FISIKOA PAT Meningismoa Exantemak Fokalitatea Denbora

ADINA Bularretako haurrak

Bularretako haurrak. Helburuak Grabea izan daitekeen infekzioa duten haurrak identifikatu: Gernu infekzioa Meningitisa Osteoartritis septikoa Neumonia bakterianoa Ezkutuko bakteriemia duen bularretako haurra aurkitzeko zailtasuna

Fokorik gabeko sukarra. Lehen bisitan harturiko diagnostikoa. 733 haur

Fokorik gabeko sukarra duten 1261 3-24 arteko haur Fokorik gabeko sukarra duten 1261 3-24 arteko haur. Etxean eta Larrialdi Zerbitzuan harturiko tenperatura. Gurutzetako ospitalea, 04-05

Grabea izan daitekeen infekzioa duten haurrak identifikatu Sarriena: Gernu infekzioa Gernuko tira erreaktiboa: balio gehien duen miaketa osagarria Iturririk gabeko sukarra>39ºC ♂, < urtebete ♀, < 2 urte Bilatu gernu infekzioa

Fokorik gabeko itxura ona duten bularretako haurrak Ezkutuko bakteriemia duen bularretako haurra aurkitu

“Hau da, nire haurrak ez dauka ezer” ADI !!!! “Hau da, nire haurrak ez dauka ezer”

Antitermikoei erantzuna. ADI !!!! Antitermikoei erantzuna. Tenperaturak ondo jeisteak ez du esan nahi gaixotasun arina duenik.

3-36 hile, fokorik gabeko sukarra Bakteriemia 1.5% Bacteriemiarik ez 98.5% Berezko desagerpenik ez 30% Bakter iraunkorra 18% Neumonia 5% Meningitis 4% Zelulitis 2% Osteoartikularra 1% Berezko desagerpena 70% meningitis bat 1.333 haurreen artean

3-36 hile, fokorik gabeko sukarra Bakteriemia 0.5% Bacteriemiarik ez 99.5% Berezko desagerpenik ez 30% Bakter iraunkorra 18% Neumonia 5% Meningitis 4% Zelulitis 2% Osteoartikularra 1% Berezko desagerpena 70% meningitis bat 4.000 haurreen artean

PCV-7 Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr, Wald ER, Schutze GE, Bradley JS, Tan TQ, Hoffman JA, Givner LB, Yogev R, Barson WJ. Decrease of invasive pneumococcal infections in children among 8 children's hospitals in the United States after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 Pt 1):443-9.

PCV-7 Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr, Wald ER, Schutze GE, Bradley JS, Tan TQ, Hoffman JA, Givner LB, Yogev R, Barson WJ. Decrease of invasive pneumococcal infections in children among 8 children's hospitals in the United States after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 Pt 1):443-9.

Gurutzetako ospitalea. Umeen Larrialdi Zerbitzua

PAPELETAK

PAPELETAK Itxura ona Aurrekinik ez 24 hile baino gehiago Sukar baxua PCV-7 bai Leuko = 5-15.000 Neutrófilo < 10.000

PAPELETAK Itxura onik ez Aurrekinik bai 24 hile baino gazteagoa, batez ere 3 hile baino gazteagoa Sukarra > 39 PCV-7 ez Leuko < 5.000 edo > 15.000 Neutrofilo > 10.000

GURASOEI GOMENDIOAK Zure umeak orain dauzkan sintoma eta zeinuak direla-eta, hau da egin diogun diagnostikoa: SUKAR-SINDROMEA. ZER DA? Sukarra edukitzeak esan nahi du besapeko tenperatura 38 º C-tik gorakoa dela, edo ondestean 38,5 º C-tik gorakoa; normalean, organismoak infekzioari ematen dion erantzuna izaten da. Umeen artean, infekzio biriko arina da sukarra edukitzeko arrazoirik ohizkoena. Sukarra, berez, arrisku gutxiko sintoma da, eta altuagoa edo baxuagoa izatea orokorrean ez da lotuta egoten gaixotasun sortzailearen larritasunarekin.

GURASOEI GOMENDIOAK ZER EGIN BEHAR DUT NIRE UMEAK SUKARRA DAUKANEAN? Sukarra jaistea ez da funtsezkoa, baina umea hobeto sentituko da. Horregatik, ez da sukar baxua tratatu behar (38ºC azpitik besapean, edo 38,5ºC azpitik ondestean), ezta ere umearen ongizate orokorrari eragiten ez diona. Sukarra tratatzeko, ohizko farmakoak erabil litezke, aginduei jarraiturik: parazetamola, aspirina edo ibuprofenoa. Neurri fisikoak ere lagungarriak izan daitezke: ur epeleko bainuak, konpresa epelak, eta umeari likido fresko ugari eskaintzea. Ez da komenigarria bainu hotzak edo alkoholez bustitako zapiak erabiltzea.

GURASOEI GOMENDIOAK ZERI JARRI BEHAR DIOT ARRETA NIRE UMEAK SUKARRA DAUKANEAN? Berriro egin beharko diozu kontsulta zure pediatrari edo gure larrialdi-zerbitzuari, zure umeak zeinu hauek badauzka: - gorakoak behin eta berriro. - petekiak: orban txikiak larruazalean, ardo-gorri kolorekoa, sakatzean desagertzen ez direnak. - goibel edo logura handiz ibiltzea, baita sukarra jaisten zaionean ere. - bularreko ume txikienekin, gainera, ondoko hauek hartu behar dira kontutan: haserrekor eta kexati dabil eta ezin da kontsolatu, jateko zailtasuna, eta arnas-esfortzua.

GURASOEI GOMENDIOAK Aipatutako hauei igartzeko, beharrezkoa da umeari gauez ere begiratzea; horretarako, komenigarria da arropa gutxirekin edukitzea, eta horrela tenperatura hobeto jaistea ere lortuko dugu. Nahiz eta zure umeak alarma-sintoma hauek ez eduki, komeni da pediatrak sukarraren jarraipena egitea; honek umearen eboluzio ona egiaztatuko du, eta gainera detektatu ahalko du koadroaren eboluzio laburragatik hasieran agertu ez den fokuren bat.

Fokorik gabeko sukarra diagnostikoa hartu zuten haurren bilakaera ERRURIK EZ EGITEKO !!!! Fokorik gabeko sukarra diagnostikoa hartu zuten haurren bilakaera

Fokorik gabeko sukarra diagnostikoa hartu zuten haurren bilakaera

MINIMOAK !!!! Itxura, PAT Aurrekinak Tenperatura Adina PCV-7 Gurasoei gomendioak

HIRU HILE BAINO GUTXIAGO

FSF y buen estado general Lactante 0-36 meses FSF y buen estado general Edad < 2 meses Edad 2-36 meses Tª>39,5 Orina Tests de resp inflamatoria Hemocultivo TDRI si epidemia gripal* Considerar PL en <1 mes Ingreso si menor de 15 días Alta Tª>39: 2-3 meses, considerar hemograma y hemocultivo Orina si: Niñas<24 meses Niños<12 meses Seguimiento en 24 h + - VCN 2 ó más dosis Orina si: Niñas<24 meses Niños<12 meses Alta Seguimiento en 24 h + - Pruebas alteradas Considerar PL Ingreso Ab IV Pruebas normales Considerar observación en Urgencias Seguimiento en 24 h Epidemia gripal *Si TDRI +, considerar evitar ingreso en planta y hospitalización + - TDRI + - Orina Tests de resp inflamatoria Hemocultivo Considerar orina Alta Pruebas alteradas Ceftriaxona IM Alta Seguimiento en 24 h Pruebas normales Alta Seguimiento en 24 h