“ A significant motivation of comparative PA is to discover regularities through the human experiences, irrespective of place and time.” – Jreisat 2002, 5 Blue Team

‘Golden Oldies’ Woodrow Wilson (1887): administrative-politics dichotomy Administration is “government in action” (14); it is the executive, the operative, the most visible part side of government (14) Who shall make law, and what shall that law be (politics)? How law should be administered (administration)? Administration lies “outside the sphere of politics” (20) Politics is state activity “in things great and universal” versus administration as“the activity of the state in individual and small things” General plans (politics) versus special means (administration) (21)

‘Golden Oldies’ Max Weber (1922; Gerth/Mills translation 1946): ideal type of bureaucracy Principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas Office hierarchy and of levels of graded authority Management based on written documents Specialized office through expert training

‘Golden Oldies’ Kharasch Develops three axioms that lead to his “institutional imperative” Action by the institution constitutes the internal dynamics of the institution Institution must function continuously if it is to stay in existence What the institution does is its purpose Institutional imperative: “every action or decision of an institution must be intended to keep the institutional machinery working” (49)

‘Golden Oldies’ James Thurber Cynical description of reality in politics through death of an invented public hero Depicting a completely acceptable character of the “hero”; death of “the greatest man” “Perilous heights of fame (126); “a accidental death of its most illustrious and spectacular figure” (128)

Comparative Pubic Administration: Towards a synthesis Origins and development of the field Conceptualizing comparative public administration and methodology Cross-cutting topics Corruption Culture Implementation

Origins and development of field Emergence of field of public administration Politics - administration dichotomy (Wilson 1887) “Ideal type” of bureaucracy (Weber 1922) Comparative public administration: move away from US-centered PA

Origins and development of field 1960s-early ‘70s: ‘New’ public administration Obligations of PA to society: activism, ethics, solution to problems Development administration The administration of development programs, to the methods used by large scale organizations to implement policies and plans to meet their development objectives (Riggs 1971) Away from Western-centered; unique challenges, contexts CAG; Ford Foundation; Riggs Postmodernism: Movement away from rationality as answer New Public Management ‘reinventing government’: decentralization, contracting, privatization, performance-based evaluation Governance

Conceptualization What is CPA? Objective of CP “comparative study of institutions, processes, and behaviors in many contexts” (Jreisat , 2002) Objective of CP The discovery of patterns and regularities of administrative action and behavior across cultures in order to produce new knowledge and to affirm or refine existing information (1)

Conceptualization Why we compare? Increasingly globalized, interdependent world Expand our knowledge and understanding of phenomena What works: characteristics of successful/unsuccessful administrative performance; best practices Insight for practitioners of various political contexts and impact on administration

Comparative methodology A focus for comparison Bureaucracy as a focus Organizational setting The ecology of administration

Comparative methodology Functionalist Interest articulation, interest aggregation, rule-making, rule application, rule adjudication, communication Neo-institutionalist Attention to structure Peters’ perspective

Cross-cutting topics Corruption What is it? (Heidenheimer et al. 1990) Many different meanings, but in social sciences often focus on: Public-office centered, market-centered, and public interest-centered Friedrich: “behavior which deviates from the norm actually prevalent . . . [and is] deviant behavior associated with . . . private gain at public expense” (15) Why is it a problem? Challenges for developing countries “Man is conceived in sin and born in corruption” (Warren 1946, 223, All the king’s men); “Brant seized the greatest man in the world and pushed him out the window” (Thurber 1991, 138-146)

Cross-cutting topics Culture Riggs: “prismatic model pertaining to the ecology of administration in a type of society” (Heady 2001, 96) Almond and Verba: civic culture, types of political culture Picard: historical, and contemporary political (and bureaucratic) structures and processes (2); authoritarian political culture (5); inherited authoritarian patterns of government (6)

Cross-cutting topics Implementation: intersection of public policy and administration Errors of third type (EIII) (Dunn 2007, 84) Problem structuring in policy analysis (81)

Neo-Institutionalism Culture Corruption Functionalism Weber (Bureaucracy) Wilson (Politics/PA) Development Neo-Institutionalism Culture Corruption Functionalism Riggs Development (CAG) Almond/ Verba Heady (CPA) Guy Peters Picard Policy Implementation (Dunn)

References Wilson, Woodrow, “The study of administration,” in Shafritz, Jay M., and Albert C. Hyde. 2007. Classics of public administration. 6th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. Weber, Max, “Bureaucracy,” in Shafritz, Jay M., and Albert C. Hyde. 2007. Classics of public administration. 6th ed. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. Thurber, James, “The greatest men in the world,” in Archer, Jeffrey, and Simon Bainbridge. 1991. Fools, knaves, and heroes: great political short stories. 1st American ed. New York: Norton. Kharasch, Robert N. 1973. The institutional imperative; how to understand the United States Government and other bulky objects. New York,: Charterhouse Books.

References Picard, Louis A. 2005. The state of the state: institutional transformation, capacity and political change in South Africa. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Heady, Ferrel. 2001. Public administration: a comparative perspective. 6th ed. New York: Marcel Dekker. Jreisat, Jamil E. 2002. Comparative public administration and policy. Boulder, Colo. Oxford: Westview. Baker, Randall. 1994. Comparative public management : putting U.S. public policy and implementation in context. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Bekke, A. J. G. M., James L. Perry, and T. A. J. Toonen. 1996. Civil service systems in comparative perspective. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press.