Dagrún Jónasdóttir 5. árs læknanemi 11. nóvember 2011

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Presentation transcript:

Dagrún Jónasdóttir 5. árs læknanemi 11. nóvember 2011 Sárasótt Syphilis Dagrún Jónasdóttir 5. árs læknanemi 11. nóvember 2011

Inngangur Sárasótt er kynsjúkdómur orsakaður af bakteríunni Treponema pallidum Gormlaga baktería Sést ekki við grams litun Dark field smásjárskoðun Smitast fyrst og fremst við kynmök Kynfæri, endaþarmur, munnur Getur smitast frá móður til fóstur yfir fylgju og valdið meðfæddri sárasótt (congenital syphilis) Treponema pallidum sést ekki við gramslitun þar sem þær eru svo þunnar. Hægt að greina í smásjá með dark field smásjárskoðun – en þá þarf sýnið að vera alveg nýtt – þarf að skoða það strax! Sérð dæmigerða hreyfingu. TRANSMISSION — Transmission of Treponema pallidum usually occurs via direct contact with an infectious lesion during sex. It is thought that the spirochete gains access via disrupted epithelium at sites of minor trauma [22]. Hvað er sárasótt? Sárasótt (syphilis) er kynsjúkdómur sem orsakast af bakteríu er nefnist Treponema pallidum. Hvernig smitast sárasótt? Bakterían sem veldur sárasótt smitar við óvarin kynmök. Sýktir einstaklingar eru aðallega smitandi þegar þeir eru með sár. Áður fyrr óttaðist fólk sárasótt mest allra kynsjúkdóma. Hér á landi hefur hún verið frekar sjaldgæfur sjúkdómur en þó greinast fáeinir á ári. Þá er oftast um gamalt smit að ræða og einstaklingarnir því ekki smitandi. Hvernig get ég komið í veg fyrir smitun? Smokkurinn verndar einungis þann hluta kynfæranna sem hann hylur en er þó eina vörnin. Slímhúð og húð sem ekki er hulin getur því sýkst. Er sárasótt hættuleg? Ef fullnægjandi meðferð er ekki gefin á fyrstu stigum sjúkdómsins getur bakterían valdið ýmsum sjúkdómum síðar á ævinni eins og hjarta-, heila- og taugasjúkdómum. Hver eru einkenni sárasóttar? Fyrstu einkenni sárasóttar eru sár á þeim stað sem bakterían komst í snertingu við, oftast á kynfærum, í endaþarmi eða munni. Nokkru síðar geta myndast útbrot í húðinni. Við langt gengna ómeðhöndlaða sárasótt koma einkenni frá miðtaugakerfi og hjarta- og æðakerfi. Hvenær koma einkenni í ljós eftir smit? Fyrstu einkenni sárasóttar koma í ljós 10 dögum til 10 vikum (oftast 3 vikum) eftir smit. Hvernig er hægt að greina sárasótt? Sárasótt er greind með blóðprufu sem er hægt að láta taka hjá öllum læknum. Er hægt að fá meðferð við sárasótt? Sýklalyf er gefið við sárasótt og læknar sjúkdóminn.

Saga Sárasótt barst í fyrstu eins og drepsótt um Evrópu Þróaðist síðar yfir í kynsjúkdóm Er fyrst getið á Íslandi snemma á 16. öld Virðist síðan fjara hér út Berst aftur til landsins á 18.öld

Faraldsfræði Í Bandaríkjunum fór tíðni sjúkdómsins lækkandi frá árunum 1990-2000 en síðan þá hefur tilfellum farið fjölgandi Mest í samkynhneigðum karlmönnum Algengara hjá svörtum Stór hluti fólks með sárasótt hefur einnig HIV Nýgengi 3,7 per 100.000 árið 2007 (USA)

Sárasótt á Íslandi Flest tilfellin meðal innflytjenda sem smitast erlendis Aldur: Algengast 20-39 ára Algengara meðal karla Nýgengi ~1-2 per 100.000 Flest tilfellin eru meðal innflytjenda sem smitast erlendis og greinast við eftirlit við komu til landsins. Einstaklingarnir eru oftast á aldrinum 20–39 ára og svo virðist sem smitið sé algengara meðal karla. Árið 2001 komu upp nokkur tilfelli meðal íslenskra karla sem stunda kynlíf með körlum, en hægt var að koma í veg fyrir frekari útbreiðslu.

Sjúkdómsmyndir Primary syphilis Secundary syphilis Latent syphilis Early latent syphilis Late latent syphilis Tertiary syphilis Congenital syphilis Kemur fram innan árs frá smiti → Early syphilis

Primary syphilis Meðgöngutími er 21 dagur (3-90 dagar) Papula → Harðsæri (chancre) Oftast stakt Ulceratíft Sársaukalaust 1-2 cm 1/3 líkur á að smita Hverfur á 3-6 vikum Bilateral eitlastækkanir Bakterían dreifir sér The early lesions of primary and secondary syphilis including chancres, mucous patches, and condyloma lata, are very infectious. It has been estimated that transmission occurs in approximately one-third of patients exposed to these lesions [1]. Briefly, after an average incubation period of two to three weeks, a papule, which is typically painless, appears at the site of inoculation. This soon ulcerates to produce the classic chancre of primary syphilis, a one to two centimeter ulcer with a raised, indurated margin (picture 1). The ulcer generally has a non-exudative base and is associated with mild to moderate regional lymphadenopathy that is often bilateral. Such lesions usually occur on the genitalia, but occasionally patients may develop chancres at other sites of inoculation. These sites may include areas that may not be noticeable to the patient, including the posterior pharynx, anus, or vagina. Multiple chancres can occur infrequently, particularly in the setting of HIV infection. (See "Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of syphilis in the HIV-infected patient".) Chancres heal spontaneously within three to six weeks even in the absence of treatment. Since the ulcer is painless, many patients do not seek medical attention, a feature that enhances the likelihood of transmission. The mechanism of healing is unknown, but is thought to be a consequence of local immune responses [23]. While the chancre represents initial local infection with T. pallidum, widespread dissemination of the spirochete also occurs early during the primary stage of infection

Secondary syphilis 25% ómeðhöndlaðra fá einkenni secondary syphilis Vikum til nokkrum mánuðum eftir primary syphilis Einkenni: Útbrot Almenn “systemísk” einkenni Eitlastækkanir Blettaskalli (alopecia) Sár eða íferðir í meltingarvegi Synovitis, osteitis, periostitis Próteinuria- nephrotic sx – bráður nephritis með háþr. – bráð nýrnabilun Meningitis Uveitis – retinitis Smitandi 25 percent of individuals with untreated infection will develop a systemic illness that represents secondary syphilis [24]. Patients with secondary syphilis may not have a history of a preceding chancre since the primary lesion may go unnoticed. Secondary syphilis can also develop even when the primary chancre is still present; this may be more commonly seen in the HIV-infected patient. Útbrot – Geta verið af öllum gerðum nema aldrei vesicular útbrot (blöðrur). Þau eru yfirleitt dreifð um allan búkinn og útlimi, symmetrísk macular eða papular útbrot. Geta komið fram chondyloma lata og þá f.o.f. á þann stað sem primary sýkingin var á. Almenn systemísk einkenni: hiti, höfuðverkur, þreyta og slen, anorexia, hálssærindi, myalgia og þyngdartap. Eitlastækkanir – harðir, ekki mjög aumir, gúmmíkenndir. Musculoskeletal abnormalities — Synovitis, osteitis, and periostitis can also occur, but usually resolve after treatment [28]. Renal abnormalities — Patients with syphilis can have mild transient albuminuria, nephrotic syndrome, or acute nephritis with hypertension and acute renal failure [29]. Pathologically, membranous glomerulonephritis or diffuse endocapillary glomerulonephritis, sometimes with crescents, can be seen. Resolution of renal abnormalities follows treatment for syphilis. Neurologic abnormalities — Invasion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is common in early stages of the untreated disease. The pathogenesis of CNS syphilis and both its early and late clinical manifestations are described separately. (See "Neurosyphilis" and "Pathophysiology, transmission, and natural history of syphilis".) Ocular abnormalities — Syphilis may be associated with anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis, which is often granulomatous. The most common form of posterior uveitis is multifocal chorioretinitis, but other manifestations include retinal necrosis and optic neuritis. Onset of uveitis can also occur in tertiary syphilis as well [30].

Latent syphilis (dulin sárasótt) Er einkennalaus sýking með eðlilegri skoðun en jákvætt blóðvatnspróf Latent sárasótt er flokkuð í “early” og “late” eftir því hvenær áætlað er að smitið hafi orðið Early latent syphilis Smit hefur orðið innan eins árs Late latent syphilis >1 ár frá smiti Latent syphilis — Latent syphilis is characterized by asymptomatic infection with a normal physical examination in association with a positive serology. Latent syphilis is categorized as "early" or "late" depending on the established date of infection.

Tertiary syphilis 5-20 árum eftir smit (1-25) 1/3 ómeðhöndlaðra Einkenni Neurosyphilis Cardiovascular syphilis Gummata Clinical manifestations include gumma formation, cardiovascular disease, and/or CNS changes (neurosyphilis) (table 2). Such manifestations usually develop 5 to 20 years after the disease has become latent. Gummata er bandsvefsmassi í húð, beinum eða lifur.

Sárasótt á meðgöngu og meðfædd sárasótt Sýking í móðurkviði getur valdið: Vaxtarskerðingu, andvana fæðingu, nýburadauða, fyrirburafæðingu, meðfæddri sýkingu og anomalíur. Meðfædd sárasótt (congenital syphilis) Early onset - < 2 ára aldur Hiti, vanþríf, lifrar og miltisstækkun o.fl. Late onset - > 2 ára aldur Gumma,neurosyphilis og augnrýrnun The frequency of vertical transmission increases as gestation advances, but the severity of fetal infection decreases with infection later in pregnancy. Pregnancies complicated by untreated syphilis early in pregnancy are at increased risk of several adverse outcomes, although approximately 20 percent of children born to mothers with untreated syphilis will be normal [1-3]: Intrauterine growth restriction Stillbirth Neonatal death Preterm birth Congenital infection and anomalies

Greiningarrannsóknir Dark field smásjárskoðun Blóðvatnspróf: VDRL Titer IgG og IgM mótefna gegn cardiolipin-cholesterol-lecithin antigen Ósértækt FTA og TPHA Mælir sértæk mótefni fyrir treponema Ekki magnmæling Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS)Microhemagglutination test for antibodies to Treponema pallidum (MHA-TP)Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TP-PA) VDRL Falskt neikvætt – HIV Falskt pos – þungun, IV lyf, endocarditis, tuberculosis o.fl.

Meðferð Langvirkt penicillin Primary, secondary eða early latent syphilis 2,4 milljón einingar IM x 1 Late latent syphilis 2,4 milljón einingar IM x1 vikulega í þrjár vikur Endurmeta alla 6 og 12 mánuðum eftir meðferð Fjórföld lækkun á títrum Ef ofnæmi – doxycyclin. Antibiotic treatment of syphilis must be prolonged since T. pallidum divides slowly, averaging one doubling in vivo per day [34]. For this reason, long-acting penicillin preparations are the preferred drugs for the treatment of all stages of syphilis A single dose of benzathine penicillin G (2.4 million units IM) provides low but persistent serum levels of penicillin and is standard therapy for primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis (table 2) [2,35]. (See 'Early syphilis' above.) Late latent syphilis or latent syphilis of unknown duration requires three doses of 2.4 million units IM each at one-week intervals The USPHS recommends a longer duration of therapy for patients with late latent syphilis. This recommendation is based upon the notion that the biology of the spirochete evolves over time. In late latent syphilis, T. pallidum is thought to have a slower metabolism and a more prolonged dividing time [2]. PATIENT MONITORING — All patients should be reexamined clinically and serologically at six and 12 months after treatment [2,12]. A fourfold reduction in titer of the nontreponemal antibody test (eg, from 1:16 to 1:4) is considered evidence of an appropriate response. Framkvæmd skimunar Í mæðraverndinni er leitað að mótefnum gegn sárasótt (VDRL) á fyrsta þriðjungi meðgöngu. Reynist prófið jákvætt er gert staðfestingarpróf með sértækum mótefnamælingum

Forvarnir Almennar forvarnir kynsjúkdóma Skimun í mæðravernd 10,2 milljónir króna (árið 2008)

Heimildir Vefsíður: Greinar Landlæknisembættið: www.landlaeknir.is Wikipedia: www.wikipedia.org Uptodate: Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of early syphilis Diagnostic testing for syphilis Syphilis in pregnancy Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of late syphilis Congenital syphilis: Clinical features and diagnosis Greinar Farsóttarfréttir, 2. árg. 5. tölublað. Maí 2006. Skýrsla um bólusetningar og skimanir vegna smitsjúkdóma og krabbameina, október 2008.