Effects of responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions on children's development and growth at age 4 years in a disadvantaged population in Pakistan: a longitudinal follow-up of a cluster-randomised factorial effectiveness trial Aisha K Yousafzai, PhD, Jelena Obradović, PhD, Muneera A Rasheed, MSc, Arjumand Rizvi, MSc, Ximena A Portilla, PhD, Nicole Tirado-Strayer, MSc, Saima Siyal, MA, Uzma Memon, MA The Lancet Global Health Volume 4, Issue 8, Pages e548-e558 (August 2016) DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30100-0 Copyright © 2016 Yousafzai et al. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license Terms and Conditions
Figure 1 Re-enrolment and assessments at 4 years 90% of the original enrolled subjects were re-enrolled for the follow-up study, and assessments at 4 years were completed on 87% of the original enrolled subjects. 33 children were not assessed because of loss to follow-up despite repeated home visits (n=18) or due to moderate-to-severe disability (n=15). The Lancet Global Health 2016 4, e548-e558DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30100-0) Copyright © 2016 Yousafzai et al. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license Terms and Conditions
Figure 2 Proportion of family members who engaged in four or more learning activities with the case child over 3 days (A) Responsive stimulation. (B) Enhanced nutrition. No significant differences were found between responsive stimulation (n=659) compared with no responsive stimulation (n=639) groups for mothers (p=0·201), fathers (p=0·680), and other caregivers (p=0·675). There were significant differences between enhanced nutrition (n=624) compared with no enhanced nutrition (n=674) groups for mothers (p=0·001), fathers (p<0·0001), and other caregivers (p<0·0001). A significant interaction effect was found between interventions for other caregivers (p<0·0001). The Lancet Global Health 2016 4, e548-e558DOI: (10.1016/S2214-109X(16)30100-0) Copyright © 2016 Yousafzai et al. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license Terms and Conditions