Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Drugs Objectives: Compare and contrast psychological and physical dependency Name and classify the commonly abused drugs Describe he laboratory tests normally used to perform a routine drug identification analysis Describe and explain the process of chromatography Explain the difference between thin-layer and gas chromatography Describe the utility of ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy for the identification of organic compounds Describe the concept and utility of mass spectrometry for identification analysis Understand the proper collection and preservation of drug evidence 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Drug Dependency Drug a natural or synthetic substance that produces physiological or psychological effects in humans or other animals Psychological Dependence conditioned use caused by underlying emotional needs Physical Dependence physiological changes in body leads to addiction (physical dependence) so that when drug is removed individual goes through withdrawal sickness or abstinence syndrome 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Types of Drugs Narcotics narkotikos (Gr) numbness/deadening substances that relieve pain and produce sleep Hallucinogens substances that cause marked alterations in normal thought processes, perceptions, moods Depressants substances that slow down the CNS Stimulants substances that speed up the CNS 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Narcotics Opiates derived from Asian poppy analgesics relieve pain by depressing CNS Natural Opiates morphine heroin codeine Synthetic Opiates methadone oxycodone (OxyContin) 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Hallucinogens Marijuana Cannabis sativa tetrahydrocannabinol (THC active substance most widely used illicit drug heart rate , dry mouth, red eyes, impaired motor skills, hunger, sweet tooth legal uses muscle relaxant reduce intraocular pressure of glaucoma reduce nausea from chemotherapy LSD lysergic acid diethylamide ergot derived (wheat fungus) anxiety, tension, mood changes PCP (angel dust) phencyclidine severe depression, violence, suicide in long term users 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Depressants Ethyl Alcohol inhibits memory, judgment, concentration, coordination Barbiturates relaxation, feelings of well being, sleep amobarbital, secobarbial, phenobarbital, pentobarbital, butabarbital Antipsychotic/Antianxiety Drugs relax without inducing sleep meprobamate (Miltown), chlordiazepoxide (Librium), diazepam (Valium) Huffing sniffing volatile stuff toluene (glue), naphtha, methyl ethyl ketone (antifreeze), gasoline, trichloroethylene (cleaning fluid) exhilaration, euphoria, slurred speech, impaired judgment, double vision 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Stimulants Amphetamines feeling of well being,  alertness,  fatigue,  appetite, restlessness chronic users violent destructive behavior, acute psychosis, schizophrenia Cocaine Erythroxylon coca  alertness,  vigor,  hunger,  fatigue,  boredom crack = cocaine + baking soda + water 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Club Drugs synthetic drugs prevalent in nightclubs, bars, raves MDMA (Ecstasy) synthetic mind altering drug enhances self awareness & decreases inhibitions  heart rate, BP, anxiety, paranoia, body temperature GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate), Rohypnol (roofies) depressants used in date rape, sexual assaults, robbery Ketamine (animal tranquilizers) euphoria and feelings of unreality impair motor function, high BP, amnesia, respiratory depression methamphetamine 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Anabolic Steroids synthetic compounds chemically related to testosterone promotes 2° sex characteristics accelerates muscle growth harmful effects liver cancer and malfunctions masculinization of females infertility diminished sex drive in males premature halting of bone growth in teens unpredictable effects on moods and personalities depression 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Controlled Substances Act legal drug classification system to prevent and control drug abuse Schedule I high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in US, no accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision. Schedule II high potential for abuse, has currently accepted medical use in US or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions, abuse of the drug may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. Schedule III potential for abuse less than the drugs in schedules I and II, has a currently accepted medical use in US, abuse of the drug may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. Schedule IV has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs in schedule III, has a currently accepted medical use in US, abuse of the drug may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs in schedule III. Schedule V low potential for abuse relative to the drugs in schedule IV, has a currently accepted medical use in US, abuse of the drug may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs in schedule IV. 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Forensic Drug Analysis specimen is a specific drug or it is not must support and defend validity in court Screening and Confirmation Color Tests Microcrystalline Tests Chromatography Spectrophotometry 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Screening and Confirmation need to ID a substance of unknown origin and composition Screening Tests used to reduce the number of possible identities allow exclusion of certain drugs Confirmation specific test used to identify substance to the exclusion of all other known substances Qualitative – relates just to the identity of the substance Quantitative – relates to the percentage combination in the mixture 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Color Tests reagents used for screening Marquis Test purple – morphine, heroin, opiate derivatives Dillie-Koppanyi Test violet-blue – barbiturates Dugenois-Levine Test purple – marijuana Van Urk Test blue-purple – LSD Scott Test (cobalt thiocyanate) blue – cocaine pink with addition of HCl blue with addition of chloroform 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Microcrystalline Tests produces crystalline precipitate of specific color and shape under microscope cocaine methamphetamine 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Chromatography separates mixtures based on attraction to a stationary phase while being propelled by a moving phase (related to solubility) Thin-Layer Chromatography Paper Chromatography Gas Chromatography 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Thin Layer Chromatography solid stationary phase (silica gel) liquid moving phase (various solvents) 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Gas Chromatography stationary liquid phase gaseous moving phase not an absolute ID but is very sensitive nanograms (10-9g) packed column capillary column retention time time needed for component to leave the column 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Spectrophotometry identifies substances by exposure to specific kinds of electromagnetic radiation absorption spectrum shows absorption light as a function of wavelength or frequency related to Beer’s Law (A=kc) A is quantity of light absorbed k is a proportionality constant c is the concentration of the absorbing material allows quantification UV and Visible Spectrophotometry – establish “probable” ID IR Spectrophotometry multiple bands – like a fingerprint very characteristic 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007

Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007 Mass Spectrometry gas chromatography separates mixture then exposed to electron beam particles ionized separated by mass GC curves into MS “bar components” (p190) 4/25/2019 Created by C. Ippolito Sept. 2007