Tourism Product in India Architecture

Architecture Meaning The art and study of designing buildings The design or style of a building or buildings

Definition According to Ellis and Davidson, “Architecture is the material expression of the wants, the faculties and the sentiments of the age in which it is created”.

Introduction Architecture is the matrix of civilization. Architecture remains visible material or record of intellectual evolution of man. A nation’s cultural history can be appreciated through its architecture. Architecture, paintings, literature and music are the soul of a nation.

Cont… The people of India were the world’s greatest builders. Ancient Temples, Palaces, Mosque, Mausoleum and Churches are a testimony to the skill of artitst, architects, engineers and builders. The architect in India has traditionally followed the foot steps of the supreme architect Viswakarma. He originated the Sceince of Architecturee. His name literally means ‘Creator of the Universe’.

Types of Architecture Domestic Architecture Power Architecture Religious Architecture Government Architecture Recreational Architecture

Buildings Techniques in Architecture Materials Expression Form Scale Texture Colour Environment ornament

Chronological Division (seven) Harappan Mauryan Gupta Medieval Muslim British Modern

Division of (Religious) Architecture Hindu Temple Architecture Buddhist Architecture Jainist Architecture Mughals (Muslim) Architecture Indo – European Architecture Indo – Sarasonic Architecture

Hindu Temple Architecutre Dravida (South India) Nagara (North and Eastern India) Vesera (Central and Western India)

Dravidian Style of Architecture Pallavas (600 – 900 A.D.) Chola (900 – 1250 A.D.) Pandyas (1100 – 1350 A.D.) Hoysala (1100 – 1350 A.D.) Vijayanagara (1350 – 1565 A.D.) Nayaks (1600 – 1736 A.D.)

Pallava Architecture The earliest examples of temples in the Dravidian style belongs to the Pallava period. Two groups Rock cut (610 – 690 A.D.) Structural (690 – 900 A.D.)

Rock cut Two groups Excavated pillared halls or Mandapas Monolithic shrines known as Rathas e.g. Mamallapuram (five rathas and mandapas)

Structural Kailasanatha temple e.g. Kanchipuram Vaikuntha perumal temple

Chola Several hundreds of temples Brihadeshwara Temple Temples at Thanjavur, Chidambaram, Sri Rangam, Gangaigonda Chola puram, Darasuram and Tribhuvanam Cylone (Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asian kingdoms like Sumatra and Java

Pandya Gopurams at the main entrance Sundara Pandya gopuram of Jambukesvara Temple at Kumbakonam, Madurai, Tiruchendur, Rameshwaram

Hoysala Numerous angled projections and carved surfaces Temples at Belur, Halebid and Sringeri

Vijayanagara Tall massive gopurams Multiple mandapas Pillared halls (carved pillars) lions, yalis, Shrines to minor deities Temple at Papapati, the Hazararama temple, the Vittalswami temple, Srivilliputhur Andal Temple, etc.

Nayaks Dravidan style assumed final form Madura style Meenakshi temple at Madurai Sundareshwara and Meenakshi Two thousand pillars Temples at Srirangam, Jambukeshwaram, Rameshwaram, Chidambaram, etc.

Structure of Hindu Temple

Ariel View of a Temple

Features of Dravidian Style Gopura(m) Vimana(m) Pillared Halls Mandapa(m)s

Gopura(m) or Tall tower

Constructional Plan of a Temple

Structure of a Siva Temple

Plan of Gopura(m)

Sculpture

Sculpture

Sculpture

Top of the Gopura

Kalasa(m)

Vimana(m)

Plan of Vimana(m)

Plan of Vimana(m)

Sanctum Sanctorum (Garbhagraha)

Pillared Halls 1000 Pillared Hall or Mandapam

Pillars

Mandapas Maha Mandapam Artha Mandapam

Mandapa(m) Front Mandapam Nandhi Mandapam Inner Mandapam Periya Mandapam

Kalyana Mandapa(m)

Nagara Style

Plan of Nagara