Freshwater input Salty water inflow (near the bottom)

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Presentation transcript:

Freshwater input Salty water inflow (near the bottom) Along the Estuary: Pressure Gradient balanced by Friction (Pritchard, 1956)

Pressure gradient vs. vertical mixing

C Burchard & Hetland (2010, JPO, 40, 1243)

Jay (2010, in Contemporary Issues in Estuarine Physics, Chap. 4) Burchard & Hetland (2010, JPO, 40, 1243)

looking into the bay Further seaward: surface outflow; bottom inflow

Outflow over shoals; inflow in channels Looking into the bay IN OUT Outflow over shoals; inflow in channels WHY THE DIFFERENCE? E = Az / [ f H 2 ]

Examples in the lower Chesapeake Bay with different E. Which has larger E = Az / [ f H 2 ] ? Larger E Smaller E

Along-basin: Across-basin: Pressure Gradient Pressure Gradient + Friction + Friction + Coriolis + Coriolis Friction/Coriolis E = A z / (f H 2)

Ekman # -- proxy for dynamical DEPTH Friction/Coriolis E = A z / (f H 2) frictional influence z z y y Small E Deep Basin Large E Shallow Basin

Along-basin: Across-basin: Pressure Gradient Pressure Gradient + Friction + Friction + Coriolis + Coriolis Friction/Coriolis E = A z / (f H 2)

w = u + iv z – vertical distance from the surface H – total water column depth D – density gradient N – sea level slope α = (1 + i )/DE, where DE = [2Az / f ] ½ w = u + iv

Friction/Coriolis E = A z / (f H 2) Friction increases Coriolis increases deep depth distance It matters how Deep! shallow (red is inflow; white is outflow) (contours are normalized with the maximum flow) Valle-Levinson et al, 2003, JPO

Ri out B in

Width matters! low E med E high E Ke = B/R; E = Az / (f H2) (wide) (narrow) Width matters! low E deep med E Ke = B/R; E = Az / (f H2) high E shallow (looking into the estuary; orange is inflow; white is outflow) Valle-Levinson, 2008, JGR

low E med E high E Adriatic & Med Rías Gibraltar Estuaries Ke = B/R (wide) (narrow) low E deep Adriatic & Med Rías Gibraltar med E Estuaries high E shallow Ke = B/R E = Az / (f H2) Valle-Levinson, 2008, JGR