Solubility of Pills in Simulated Stomach Acids By: Vincent Kaschauer 10th Grade Pittsburgh Central Catholic High School

Purpose Determine the solubility times of five different pain relievers. Questions Name Brand vs Generic Brand? Coating that dissolves the fastest?

Background Research on NSAIDs Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) relieve pain and inflammation Oral Administration - substance is ingested through the mouth - digested and absorbed in gastrointestinal tract Coatings of NSAIDs : Sugar Coatings (used to mask the flavor), Film Coatings (mask flavor/ protect from light and moisture), and Enteric Coatings (hold the tablet together when in the stomach/release in intestines).

Background Research on Gastric Acid The normal volume of the stomach fluid: 20 mL to 100 mL pH is acidic (1.5 to 3.5) Heat of stomach has a range of 37° C (98.6° F ) Solubility is the property of a substance (solute) to dissolve in a different substance (solvent) to form a homogenous mixture of solvent and solute Distilled White Vinegar pH of 2.5 Lemon Juice pH of around 2.0

Hypothesis Null There will not be any difference between the solubility time of each NSAIDs. Alternative There will be a difference between the solubility times of the NSAIDs.

Materials Advil (200 mg, film coated) {9} Tylenol (325 mg, sugar coated) {9} Acetaminophen (325 mg, sugar coated) {9} Ibuprofen (200 mg, film coated) {9 } Aspirin (325 mg, enteric coated and film coated) {9 of each} 120 mL of Lemon Juice 120 mL of Distilled White Vinegar 120 mL of Distilled Water Celsius Thermometer Hot Plate 40 mL Beakers {3} 25 mL Graduated Cylinder {1} Timer Safety Equipment Apron/ Gloves Safety Goggles

Procedure Gathered materials/ safety equipment Poured solvent (distilled water, distilled white vinegar, and lemon juice) into the 3 beakers (8 ml in each, measured by graduated cylinder ) and placed onto Hot Plate Heated up solvents with Hot Plate to a range of (35° C – 40° C) Dropped the Pills into the beakers Started timer/ Stopped when fully dissolved Rinsed beakers and graduated cylinder Repeated steps 2-6 for other two solvents, then change pill type and repeat Graphed and analyzed data (check if it supports hypothesis or not)

Variables Controlled Variables: Same solvents/ Same Amount (8 mL) 3 Trials / Test Procedures Strength of NSAIDS (regular strength) Mass of Pill Hot Plate Temperature Manipulated Variables: Brand of Pill Solvent

Sugar Coatings on Solubility Times in Various Solvents 0.000014 0.044 0.00000413 Time in Minutes Solvents

Film Coating on Solubility Times in Various Solvents 0.00097 0.0028 0.012 Time in Minutes Solvents

Coating Variation on Solubility Times in Various Solvents 3.14 x 10^-12 6.3 x 10^-9 S S Time in Minutes 6.2 x 10^-11 Aspirin S S Acetaminophen Aspirin S S Solvents

Conclusion Name Brand vs. Generic Brand? Reject Null for each Individual Comparison, name brand had Significantly more solubility time Coatings? Reject Null Hypothesis for Individual Comparison In Distilled Water, Aspirin (Enteric) In Distilled White Vinegar, Asprin (Film) In Lemon Juice, Acetaminophen (Sugar)

Errors/ Limitations Only NSAIDs were tested There were only 3 Trials There were only 2 Simulated Stomach Acids Estimate of Solubility

Further Experiment Additions Magnetic Stirrers- replicate stomach movement More ‘Over-The-Counter Pills’ (not just NSAIDS) Uncoated/Crushed Pills More Trials Use Hydrochloric Acid to create another Simulated Stomach Acid group Filter “solubalized” outcome to verify solubility

Bibliography Davis, Jeanie Lerche. “Taking Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)? Protect Your Tummy.” WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/features/anti-inflammatory-drugs-rheumatoid-arthritis#1. Davis, Jeanie Lerche. Elert, Glenn. “Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature).” E-World, hypertextbook.com/facts/1997/LenaWong.shtml. “Testing the Acidity of Vinegar.” Cultures for Health Testing the Acidity of Vinegar Comments, 22 Nov. 2016, www.culturesforhealth.com/learn/kombucha/testing-acidity-strength-vinegar/. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, and Helmenstine. “What Is the PH of Lemon Juice?” Thoughtco., Dotdash, www.thoughtco.com/the-ph-of-lemon-juice-608890. “Home.” Pain Relief for Headaches, Migraines & Minor Arthritis, www.advil.com/faqs-en/products/advil-film-coated. “The Process Of Sugar Coating And Problems That One Can Encounter.” LFA Tablet Presses, 18 Jan. 2017, www.lfatabletpresses.com/articles/the-process-of-sugar-coating-and-problems-that-one-can-encounter. “FILM COATING TABLET MATERIALS AND INGREDIENTS.” Formulation, formulation.vinensia.com/2011/05/film-coating-tablet-materials-and.html.

Spread Sheets Tylenol Acetaminophen D. Water D. W. Vinegar Lemon Juice Trial 1 12:05 23:09 21:57 16:48 26:02 22:32 Trial 2 12:01 23:14 21:05 16:53 26:14 22:44 Trial 3 12:08 22:58 22:01 16:39 26:21 22:29 Advil Ibuprofen D. Water D. W. Vinegar Lemon Juice Trial 1 09:23 22:04 22:07 10:02 23:02 23:35 Trial 2 09:31 22:21 22:19 10:12 22:54 23:41 Trial 3 09:34 21:56 22:59 10:09 22:57 23:36

Spread Sheets Aspirin (Enteric) D. Water D. W. Vinegar Lemon Juice Trial 1 8.07 46.22 44.56 Trial 2 8.11 47.02 44.48 Trial 3 8.05 46.45 47.01 Aspirin (Film) D. Water D. W. Vinegar Lemon Juice Trial 1 13:05 25:11 26:40 Trial 2 13:08 25:15 26:34 Trial 3 13:14 25:08 26:31

Averages Time in Minutes Pills 1.98 x 10^-8 3.97 x 10^-9 7.84 x 10^-13

ANOVA Tylenol and Acetaminophen (Distilled Water) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.025162 0.008387 1.65E-09 Column 2 0.034954 0.011651 6.74E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 1.6E-05 1 3807 4.13E-07 7.708647 Within Groups 1.68E-08 4 4.2E-09 Total 5  

ANOVA Tylenol and Acetaminophen (Distilled White Vinegar) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.025162 0.008387 1.65E-09 Column 2 0.034954 0.011651 6.74E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 1.6E-05 1 3807 4.13E-07 7.708647 Within Groups 1.68E-08 4 4.2E-09 Total 5  

ANOVA Tylenol and Acetaminophen (Lemon Juice) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.045174 0.015058 1.31E-07 Column 2 0.047049 0.015683 8.44E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 5.86E-07 1 8.419634 0.044045 7.708647 Within Groups 2.78E-07 4 6.96E-08 Total 8.64E-07 5  

ANOVA Advil and Ibuprofen (Distilled Water) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.019769 0.00659 4.33E-09 Column 2 0.0211 0.007033 3.53E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 2.95E-07 1 75.14205 0.000975 7.708647 Within Groups 1.57E-08 4 3.93E-09 Total 3.11E-07 5  

ANOVA Advil and Ibuprofen (Distilled White Vinegar) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.046076 0.015359 2.18E-08 Column 2 0.047836 0.015945 2.19E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 5.16E-07 1 42.94424 0.002804 7.708647 Within Groups 4.8E-08 4 1.2E-08 Total 5.64E-07 5  

ANOVA Advil and Ibuprofen (Lemon Juice) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.046817 0.015606 9.93E-08 Column 2 0.049213 0.016404 1.38E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 9.57E-07 1 19.00177 0.012071 7.708647 Within Groups 2.01E-07 4 5.03E-08 Total 1.16E-06 5  

ANOVA Coatings (Distilled Water) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.016933 0.005644 1.25E-09 Column 2 0.034954 0.011651 6.74E-09 Column 3 0.027396 0.009132 2.81E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 5.46E-05 2 2.73E-05 7578.252 6.2E-11 5.143253 Within Groups 2.16E-08 6 3.6E-09 Total 8  

ANOVA Coatings (Distilled White Vinegar) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.11816 0.039387 5.4E-08 Column 2 0.054595 0.018198 1.24E-08 Column 3 0.056123 0.018708 6.21E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.000877 2 0.000438 18125.87 4.53E-12 5.143253 Within Groups 1.45E-07 6 2.42E-08 Total 8  

ANOVA Coatings (Lemon Juice) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.115799 0.0386 7.45E-07 Column 2 0.054595 0.018198 1.24E-08 Column 3 0.055382 0.018461 2.81E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.000822 2 0.000411 1621.233 6.3E-09 5.143253 Within Groups 1.52E-06 6 2.53E-07 Total 0.000823 8  

ANOVA Tylenol vs Acetaminophen (All) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 9 0.118495 0.013166 1.31E-05 Column 2 0.136597 0.015177 8.19E-06 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 1.82E-05 1 1.712981 0.209087 4.493998 Within Groups 0.00017 16 1.06E-05 Total 0.000188 17  

ANOVA Advil vs Ibuprofen (All) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 9 0.112662 0.012518 1.98E-05 Column 2 0.118148 0.013128 2.09E-05 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 1.67E-06 1 0.082072 0.778185 4.493998 Within Groups 0.000326 16 2.04E-05 Total 0.000328 17  

ANOVA Coatings (All) Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 9 0.250891 0.027877 0.000278 Column 2 0.144144 0.016016 1.07E-05 Column 3 0.135255 0.015028 1.97E-05 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.00092 2 0.00046 4.469839 0.022382 3.402826 Within Groups 0.00247 24 0.000103 Total 0.003391 26  

Aspirin Also known as acetylsalicylic acid. The formula is C9H8O4 Aspirin relieves pains such as headaches, arthritis, and fever from infections. 180.158 g/mol

Acetaminophen/ Tylenol Formula C8H9NO2 or HOC6H4NHCOCH It relieves mild pain and fever, but does not irritate the stomach, or interfere with blood clotting.   151.163 g/mol

Ibuprofen/ Advil Formula C13H18O Works by blocking the formation of prostaglandins (hormone like chemicals found throughout the body.) ] 206.29 g/mol

ANOVA Comparing Aspirin Enteric and Acetaminophen Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.027396 0.009132 2.81E-09 Column 2 0.016933 0.005644 1.25E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 1.82E-05 1 8980.396 7.43E-08 7.708647 Within Groups 8.13E-09 4 2.03E-09 Total 1.83E-05 5  

ANOVA Comparing Aspirin Enteric and Aspirin Film Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.016933 0.005644 1.25E-09 Column 2 0.034954 0.011651 6.74E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 5.41E-05 1 13543.29 3.27E-08 7.708647 Within Groups 1.6E-08 4 4E-09 Total 5  

ANOVA Comparing Aspirin Film and Aspirin Enteric Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.052477 0.017492 1.65E-09 Column 2 0.11816 0.039387 5.4E-08 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.000719 1 25847.21 8.98E-09 7.708647 Within Groups 1.11E-07 4 2.78E-08 Total 5  

ANOVA Comparing Aspirin Film and Acetaminophen Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.052477 0.017492 1.65E-09 Column 2 0.054595 0.018198 1.24E-08 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 7.48E-07 1 106.6529 0.000496 7.708647 Within Groups 2.8E-08 4 7.01E-09 Total 7.76E-07 5  

ANOVA Comparing Acetaminophen and Aspirin Enteric Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.047049 0.015683 8.44E-09 Column 2 0.115799 0.0386 7.45E-07 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 0.000788 1 2090.508 1.37E-06 7.708647 Within Groups 1.51E-06 4 3.77E-07 Total 0.000789 5  

ANOVA Comparing Acetaminophen and Aspirin Film Anova: Single Factor SUMMARY Groups Count Sum Average Variance Column 1 3 0.047049 0.015683 8.44E-09 Column 2 0.055382 0.018461 2.81E-09 ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 1.16E-05 1 2057.143 1.41E-06 7.708647 Within Groups 2.25E-08 4 5.63E-09 Total 5