SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY LAB SAFETY. RULES. PROTECTION. CLEAN UP. WHMIS – WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INFORMATION SYSTEM SYMBOLS BIOHAZARD CORROSIVE FLAMMABLE COMPRESSED GAS OXIDIZING MATERIAL POISONOUS (IMMEDIATE) DANGEROUSLY REACTIVE TOXIC (LONGTERM)

SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY PROPERTIES OF MATTER. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: BOILING POINT, MELTING, COLOUR, STATE, SOLUBILITY, CONDUCTIVE, MAGNETIC, DUCTILITY - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: FLAMMABLE, REACTION WITH WATER, ACIDS, HEAT SEPARATION METHODS: PHYSICAL – FILTER, DECANT, DISTILLATION, MAGNET, PICKING CHEMICAL – ELECTROLYSIS, REACTIONS

SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY MATTER PURE SUBSTANCES MIXTURES ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS SOLUTIONS MECHANICAL MIXTURE SUSPENSION COLOIDS

NOW THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL REACTION. PRECIPITATE, GAS FORMED, COLOUR CHANGE, CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE - DEAD GUYS: BOHR DALTON RUTHERFORD JJ THOMSON NOW THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY PERIODIC TABLE. ARRANGEMENT, GROUPS/FAMILIES (VERTICAL), PERIODS (HORIZONTAL. NONMETALS METALS

SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY PERIODIC TABLE. ARRANGEMENT, GROUPS/FAMILIES (VERTICAL), PERIODS (HORIZONTAL. HALOGENS NOBLE GASES ALKALINE METALS TRANSITION METALS

SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY ATOMIC THEORY. NUCLEUS: PROTONS: +1 CHARGE; 1amu (1 g/mol) = MASS; NUMBER OF PROTONS = ATOMIC NUMBER NEUTRON: 0 CHARGE; 1amu (1g/mol) = MASS; NUMBER OF NEUTRONS = ATOMIC MASS – PROTONS (CAN BE DIFFERENT IN ISOTOPES OF ELEMENT) - OUTSIDE NUCLEUS IN “SHELLS” (ENERGY LEVELS): ELECTRONS: -1 CHARGE; 0amu = MASS (NEGLIGIBLE); NUMBER OF ELECTRONS = PROTONS (0 CHARGE) (CAN GAIN OR LOSE IN IONS)

SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY ISOTOPES. HAVE MORE OR FEWER NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS THAN NORMAL (CHANGE IN ATOMIC MASS). IONS. METALS LOSE ELECTRONS TO MAKE CATIONS (POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS). NON-METALS GAIN ELECTRONS TO MAKE ANIONS (NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS). THEY DO THIS TO FILL THEIR OUTERMOST (VALENCE) SHELL OF ELECTRONS TO BECOME MORE LIKE NOBLE GASES. THE 1ST SHELL FITS 2 ELECTRONS; 2ND SHELL = 8 e-; 3RD SHELL = 8 e-… etc.

SCIENCE 10 - CHEMISTRY COMPOUNDS. IONIC: CATIONS (METALS, AMMONIUM, OR HYDROGEN) TRANSFER ELECTRONS TO ANIONS (NON-METALS OR COMPLEX IONS) TO FORM IONIC BONDS. PROPERTIES: SOLIDS; DISSOCIATE IN SOLUTION; CONDUCT ELECTRICITY IN SOLUTION MOLECULAR: NON-METALS SHARE ELECTRONS WITH ONE ANOTHER TO FORM COVALENT BONDS. PROPERTIES: S, L, OR G; MAY DISSOLVE; DO NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY.

? NAMING RULES Is there a metal, NH4+, OR H+? H+ = ACID NO = MOLECULAR YES = IONIC Need Name: Need Formula: Need Name: Need Formula: - 2nd element ends in -ide - prefixes tell how many of each atom is present - prefixes tell you how many of each atom. -Write number as subscript. - name positive 1st; negative 2nd - name what you see (use chart) - transition metal has roman numeral = charge - positive 1st; negative 2nd - balance charges to know how many of each element -Write number as subscript

ACID/BASE PROPERTIES OF ACIDS: IONIC SO CONDUCT ELECTRICITY; SOUR, pH < 7, BLUE LITMUS TURNS RED BASES: USE IONIC NAME; OFTEN HAVE OH- (HYDROXIDE) AS NEGATIVE ION. BITTER, SLIPPERY, pH > 7, RED LITMUS TURNS BLUE

SOLUBILITY OF IONIC CMPDS.

MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS PREFIXES MUST BE MEMORIZED: 1 mono 2 di 3 tri 4 tetra 5 penta 6 hexa 7 hepta 8 octa 9 nona 10 deca MOLECULAR ELEMENTS MUST BE MEMORIZED: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, O3, P4, S8 COMMON COMPOUNDS MUST BE MEMORIZED: H2O, H2O2, NH3, C12H22O11, C6H12O6, CH4, C3H8, CH3OH, C2H5OH WATER, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, AMMONIA, SUCROSE, GLUCOSE, METHANE, PROPANE, METHANOL, ETHANOL

CHEMICAL REACTIONS THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS SAYS MATTER CAN NOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED. THE ATOMS THAT GO INTO A CHEMICAL REACTION MUST COME OUT IN THE SAME QUANTITY (ALTHOUGH MAY APPEAR IN NEW COMPOUNDS WITH OTHER ATOMS). CHEMICAL EQUATIONS: REACTANTS ==========> PRODUCTS

BALANCING EQUATIONS ALL INDIVIDUAL FORMULAS ARE WRITTEN CORRECTLY (IONIC, MOLECULAR) WRITE DOWN ALL ELEMENTS ON REACTANTS SIDE; WRITE SAME ELEMENTS ON PRODUCTS SIDE. COUNT HOW MANY OF EACH ATOM ON EACH SIDE. BALANCE REACTANTS WITH PRODUCTS USING COEFFICIENTS IN FRONT OF ATOMS (OR COMPOUNDS) THAT ARE UNBALANCED. **HINT** START WITH ELEMENTS APPEARING ONLY ONCE ON EACH SIDE. GO BACK TO STEP 3 UNTIL EVERYTHING BALANCES. CHECK!!!

TYPES OF REACTIONS FORMATION (SYNTHESIS)(COMPOSITION) A + B  AB 2) DECOMPOSITION AB  A + B 3) SINGLE REPLACEMENT A + BC  AC + B OR A + BC  C + BA 4) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT AB + CD  AD + CB 5) HYDROCARBON COMBUSTION CXHY + O2  CO2 + H2O