ACID RAIN CAUSED BY: Coal, gasoline, oil BURNING FOSSIL FUELS Gases released by Fossil fuels are SO2 & NO2 The Gases combine w/H2O & Forms an acid which then falls as Acid Rain ANY pH BELOW 5 is considered ACID RAIN

EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEMS THE low pH -KILLS Plants 1. Lower soil pH : DISSOLVES some METALS in the soil, like ALUMINUM which is ABSORBED by PLANT ROOTS. No longer able to transport water. 2. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas can clog the plant’s stomata- NO TRANSPIRATION of H2O Causes LEAF DROP on PLANTS

EFFECTS ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS SPRING IS THE WORST TIME OF YEAR-SNOW MELT SUDDEN INPUT OF ACID SNOW MELT LEADS TO pH SHOCK FISH KILL, FEWER EGGS OR NOT HATCH Neutralize the acid by spraying POWDERED LIMESTONE raises the pH

EFFECTS ON HUMANS TOXINS IN DRINKING WATER RELEASED BY THE SOIL-HEAVY METALS-cadmium, mercury Dissolves building materials made of CONCRETE, LIMESTONE HISTORIC MONUMENTS, STATUES.

GLOBAL WARMING 2 causes 1. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

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GREENHOUSE EFFECT When the Sun’s heat enters the ATMOSPHERE some of the heat Radiates back to space The rest is ABSORBED by H2O & land Gases in the atmosphere like, CH4 (methane), CO2, CO, from organisms & human activity on Earth are called Greenhouse Gases. Why? The Greenhouse Effect is … The Sun’s heat mixing with these gases in the Troposphere layer of the atmosphere & trap heat. This is called Greenhouse Warming Animation no sound http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/greenhouse.html

2. OZONE 03 Layer Thinning STRATOSPHERE layer thins out Why? Filters U.V. RAYS thins out Why? CFC’S-CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS Compound gas; used in Refrigerators, A/C, Spray cans CFC’s can travel to the Ozone and breaks up the O3 molecules. So the Ozone thins out, which lets in stronger UV rays They were banned in the 90’s. But, they can last up to 120 years in the Atmosphere. Video thinning with CFC’s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IniJx-vRHG0

How can we reduce Greenhouse gases? Plant trees Use scrubbers in smoke stacks Carpool, walk, use public transportation Use less electricity reduce power plants burning of fossil fuels electric/hybrid cars Increase renewable energy Solar, Wind

EFFECTS of Climate Change HUMANS & ANIMALS SKIN CANCER stronger UV rays Fish-lay eggs in water, may not hatch due to acid rain, pH drop AMPHIBIANS lay their eggs in water UV rays go through eggs, may not hatch or cause genetic defects.

Effects on Ecosystem DISRUPTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS for some plants LOWER PHYTOPLANKTON levels in the water Reduced PRODUCERS in the FOOD CHAIN/WEB LOWER CROP YIELDS for farmers- Famines WEATHER PATTERNS -change in ocean currents stronger hurricanes, droughts, flooding.

Effects on Ocean and Land MELTING ICE CAPS & RISING SEA LEVELS ICE REFLECTS HEAT-less ice, more melting Increases fresh water into ocean water-disrupts ocean habitats Flooding-Relocation of populations in Coastal areas/ Islands Salt water getting into freshwater wells.

Relocation of people/animals Sea level increase Mosquito diseases Polar bear Famine Disruption of ecosystems