Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 4/29/2019 Title: Biology 9/28/06 Objectives: To continue learning about the biochemistry and macromolecules. Class Topics Hand in W.S. Chapter 2 Science Skills before the bell rings Preview for test “We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of doing, while others judge us by what we have done.” Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Monday, April 29, 2019 2:50 PM

Class Assignments W.S. Chapter 2 Science Skills 9/28/06 4/29/2019 Class Assignments What By When W.S. Chapter 2 Science Skills 9/28/06 Chapter 2 Test 10/2/06 Chapter 2 Homework/Lab Corrections 10/4/06 Due this class period Due next class period Due in the future

4/29/2019 1A & 4B Grade Sheet

4/29/2019 2A Grade Sheet

4/29/2019 3A Grade Sheet

4/29/2019 4A Grade Sheet

Chapter 2 Test Review Water and Polar Molecules Nonpolar molecules 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Water and Polar Molecules Partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side Different parts have different charges Nonpolar molecules No positive nor negative poles Ex. lipids Water & oil Don’t mix

Chapter 2 Test Review Organic compounds Carbon and hydrogen 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Organic compounds Carbon and hydrogen Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Chapter 2 Test Review Carbohydrates Monomer – monosaccharides 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Carbohydrates Monomer – monosaccharides Ex. Polysaccharides, sucrose Identify a picture of glucose Animal starch = glycogen Storage of glucose Lactose + Water glucose + galactose Label – Dehydration synthesis (sucrose)

Chapter 2 Test Review Lipids Monomer Picture Liquid fats 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Lipids Ex. Saturated fats, unsaturated fats, earwax Monomer Glycerol/fatty acids Picture Fatty acid chain Liquid fats Unsaturated fatty acids

Chapter 2 Test Review Proteins Monomer Long chains of amino acids 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Proteins Monomer Amino acid Long chains of amino acids Polypeptides Drawing Parts of an amino acid: carboxyl, amine, alpha carbon, R group Peptide bond Between the carbon of the carboxyl and the nitrogen of the amine Peptide bond between Alanine and Valine

Chapter 2 Test Review Proteins (cont.) Shape of protein Enzymes 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Proteins (cont.) Shape of protein Type and sequence of amino acids Enzymes Chemical reactions not fast enough to sustain life Decreases the amount of activation energy Amylase – starch to glucose Pepsin – best pH 1.5-2.0 Optimal temperature 35-39°C How does an enzyme work?

Chapter 2 Test Review Nucleic Acids Monomer DNA Types Nucleotide 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Nucleic Acids Monomer Nucleotide Parts of a nucleotide Long chains of nucleotides are nucleic acids DNA Stores hereditary information to make proteins Held together by hydrogen bonds Types RNA, DNA

Chapter 2 Test Review Chemical Reactions Activation energy 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Chemical Reactions Activation energy Energy needed to start a chemical reaction Reactants/products Compare Reaction 2 and Reaction 3 Why is reaction 3 the lowest on the graph?

Chapter 2 Test Review Chemical Reactions 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Chemical Reactions Glucose + glucose maltose + water What would be found at each point? Why is 2 higher than 1? How would it look with an enzyme?

Chapter 2 Test Review Enzymes Substrate Active Site 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Enzymes Substrate Molecule upon which enzyme acts Key Label Active Site Portion of enzyme where substrate can fit Lock

Chapter 2 Test Review Enzymes (cont.) Graph activity of an enzyme 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Enzymes (cont.) Graph activity of an enzyme Inactive from 0-20˚C Active above 20˚C w/rate increasing steadily to 40˚C, at which the rate is very high Above 40˚C rate decreases rapidly until temperature reaches 50˚C Above 50˚C - inactive

Chapter 2 Test Review Essay 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Essay What macromolecules have an effect on homeostasis in humans? Data Carbohydrates Energy source - Glucose Bowel movements - Cellulose Energy storage - Glycogen (liver and muscles) Lipids Protection – earwax Energy storage – fats Insulation - fats

Chapter 2 Test Review Essay 4/29/2019 Chapter 2 Test Review Essay What macromolecules have an effect on homeostasis in humans? Proteins Digestion of foods – enzymes – amylase, pepsin Storage of glucose – hormone – insulin Release of glucose – hormone - glucagon Forming blood cells – hormone – erythropoeitin Gaining strength – structure – muscles, ligaments Creating heat – structure - muscles Nucleic Acids Direct protein production – DNA, RNA

4/29/2019 Review Take some time and review with another person

Characteristics of Microscopes 4/29/2019 Characteristics of Microscopes Magnification Image appears larger than it is Eyepiece 10x Objectives 4x, 10x, 40x* Resolution Clarity of the image Gets poorer with increased magnification

Microscopes Simple light microscope Compound light microscope One lens 4/29/2019 Microscopes Simple light microscope One lens Living or dead specimen Compound light microscope more than one lens resolution is a problem Must be transparent (very thin)

Microscopes Electron microscopes - use a beam of electrons (dead) 4/29/2019 Microscopes Electron microscopes - use a beam of electrons (dead) Transmission (TEM)- electrons pass through - very thin specimen Scanning (SEM)- electrons bounce off and get an image from the outside Scanning tunneling Uses a microprobe Can be used on living or dead organisms

Magnifications: Simple light – 5-25x Compound light - 2000x 4/29/2019 Magnifications: Simple light – 5-25x Compound light - 2000x Electron microscopes SEM 200,000x TEM 2,000,000x Scanning tunneling – 1,000,000,000x

Compound Light Microscope Parts 4/29/2019 Compound Light Microscope Parts Eyepiece Tube Revolving Nosepiece Objectives Base Stage Stage clips Diaphragm, iris, condenser From: http://www.microscopy.info/microscopy/light/glossary.aspx