Aim: How Did the Cold War Impact Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Central America, and Chile? Do Now: The CIA used Osama Bin Laden to help fight the Soviets in Afghanistan. How do you feel about this?

I Russians in Afghanistan 1979 - 1980 A) December 1979, the USSR under Brezhnev sent thousands of troops into Afghanistan. B) The US under President Carter enacted economic sanctions against the USSR, called for a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics, and aided Afghan rebels known as the mujahedeen (who would later become the Taliban and Al Qaeda). Leonid Brezhnev, USSR US President Jimmy Carter

Mujahedeen Anti-Soviet fighters, Afghanistan 1980s.

“One of the most prominent members of he mujahedeen was a wealthy son of a Saudi Arabian businessman named Osama Bin Laden. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski visited Afganistan in 1979 and met with Bin Laden and even took a picture with him.” http://newsone.com/1205745/cia-osama-bin-laden-al-qaeda/ https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan “We know of their deep belief in God, and we are confident their struggle will succeed. That land over there is yours, you’ll go back to it one day because your fight will prevail, and you’ll have your homes and your mosques back again. Because your cause is right and God is on your side.” - National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski to Osama bin Laden.

“Sometimes democracy must be bathed in blood.” II Augusto Pinochet, 1973 A) Sept 11, 1973, Chile's military overthrew the government of Marxist Salvador Allende, aided by the American CIA. The military took power, led by Augusto Pinochet  military dictatorship. B) Pinochet’s government killed 3,000+ people and tortured 29,000. C) Chile returned to a democratic government in 1990 when Patricio Aylwin was elected president, but Pinochet remained head of the military until 1997. He was arrested in England in 1998, but died in 2006 without being tried for his crimes. “Sometimes democracy must be bathed in blood.” “Everything I did, all my actions, all of the problems I had I dedicate to God and to Chile, because I kept Chile from becoming Communist.” - Augusto Pinochet

Pinochet Continued…

III 1979 Iranian Revolution A) Britain and Soviets invaded Iran August 1941 to “protect” the oil fields (already owned by the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company). B) Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi had been king since 1941. C) In 1951, Iran's Parliament voted to nationalize the oil industry. Dr. Mosaddeq was elected prime minister. D) The American CIA aided Britain and the Shah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) in orchestrating a coup; it removed Mosaddeq and restored Shah Pahlavi to power. Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his Wife Dr. Mosaddeq

1979 Iranian Revolution Continued… D) In 1963, the Shah launched his "White Revolution" that included infrastructure development, voting rights for women, and education. Some were upset at the “westernization” of Iran. E) Ruhollah Khomeini, a Shiite cleric, wanted to overthrow the Shah, rid Iran of “Western” influences, and establish an Islamic state. In 1964, Khomeini was exiled to Iraq, but gained supporters. Iranian Students, Tehran, 1960s

Imam Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini F) In 1971 the Shah held an extravagant celebration of the 2,500th anniversary of the pre-Islamic Persian monarchy. Religious discontent grew, and the Shah increased his secret police force. This alienated students and intellectuals in Iran, and support for Khomeini grew.

1979 Iranian Revolution Continued… G) On Sept 8, 1978, the Shah's security force fired on demonstrators, killing hundreds. Khomeini called for the Shah's immediate overthrow. Dec 11 a group of soldiers mutinied and attacked the Shah's security officers; the Shah fled to Mexico. The US Embassy in Iran warned US President Jimmy Carter that if the Shah was allowed to enter the US to treat his cancer, the US Embassy would be taken. Carter allowed the Shah into the US. H) On Nov 4 1978, in Tehran, with the approval of Khomeini, militants stormed the US embassy and took the staff hostage. The militants demanded the return of the Shah to Iran to stand trial for his crimes. The US refused to negotiate, and 52 American hostages were held for 444 days. They were only released after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as US President. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi died in Egypt in July 1980. http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/27/world/ac-six-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-iran-hostage-crisis/

At the time of the hostage crisis, Khomeini referred to the US as “The Great Satan”.

Women in Iran Post Revolution After the Iranian Revolution, Khomeini imposed Sharia law, and “morality police” patrolled the streets enforcing it. Some controversial laws under Sharia in Iran: 1. A married woman cannot leave the country without her husband's permission. 2. A woman's testimony as a witness is worth half that of a man. 3. In all public places, women must wear a hijab (headscarf)). 4. Polygamy is permitted for men (up to four wives allowed), but not for women. Niloufar Ardalan is a female football (soccer) star in Iran, but her husband has at certain times legally stopped her from attending games. She believes Iran laws should be changed. https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/stadiums-are-still-closed-to-women-in-iran

Iran Iraq War 1980 - 1988 The Iran – Iraq War began on Sept. 22, 1980. Causes: Land disputes: Iraq wanted control of oil rich Khuzestan on the Iraq-Iran border, and Iraqi president Saddam Hussein wanted control of the Shaṭṭ al-ʿArab river. Saddam was concerned over attempts by Iran’s Islamic revolutionary government to incite rebellion among Iraq’s Shiite majority. Effects: Saddam used chemical warfare against Iran and on Iraqui Kurds. The fighting ended in 1988 with a cease-fire, but the withdrawal of troops did not take place until the signing of a formal peace agreement on Aug. 16, 1990. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293527/Iran-Iraq-War

Iran Iraq War 1980 – 1988 Continued…

Iran Iraq War 1980 – 1988 Continued… Kurdish Inhabited Area UN experts confirmed in 1986 that Iraq had contravened the Geneva Convention by using chemical weapons (mustard and nerve gas) against Iran. In 1988 Iraq turned its chemical weapons on Iraqi Kurds in northern Iraq. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/02/iraq_events/html/chemical_warfare.stm 25 - 35 million Kurds inhabit a mountainous region straddling the borders of Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Armenia. Their main language is Kurdish. They have never obtained a permanent nation state. The majority are Sunni Muslims.

The Iran – Contra Affair 1986 - 1987 A) The Iran-contra affair consisted of 3 interconnected parts: 1. The Reagan administration sold arms to Iran, a country desperate for arms during its war with Iraq. 2. In exchange for the arms, Iran used its influence to help gain the release of Americans held hostage in Lebanon. 3. The arms were purchased at high prices, with the excess profits diverted to fund the Reagan-favored contras fighting the Sandinista government in Nicaragua. B) The Iran-Contra Affair violated American law; arms sales to Iran were prohibited, the U.S. government had long forbidden ransom of any sort for hostages, and it was illegal to fund the contras above the limits set by Congress. C) Several members of the Reagan administration were convicted, but Reagan himself was never charged with any offense. Opinions differed about his knowledge of, and responsibility for the affair. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/iran.htm

The Iran – Contra Affair Continued… Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council admitted to diverting funds from arms sales to Iran to the Contras, with the full knowledge and approval of US President Reagan and NSC director Poindexter. Poindexter resigned, and North was fired. In Nov 1986, Reagan went on TV and denied that any such operation had occurred. He retracted the statement a week later, insisting that the sale of weapons had not been an arms-for-hostages deal.

The Iran – Contra Affair Continued… Battling the Cuban-backed Sandinistas, the Contras were, according to Reagan, "the moral equivalent of our Founding Fathers." Eugene H. Hasenfus is a US citizen who was alleged by Nicaragua Sandinista authorities to be employed by the U.S. CIA. The photo (top right) shows Sandinista soldiers holding Eugene Hasenfus captive after his cargo plane was shot down while delivering supplies to the Contras in October 1986. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/us/north-says-reagan-knew-of-iran-deal.html?pagewanted=all

Summary Questions

Key Vocabulary Pinochet