The Cold War Heats Up EQ: How do wars begin?

Chinese Civil War Nationalists Communists Chiang Kai-shek Supported by US ($$) Southern & eastern China Inflation & failing economy Weak leadership, corruption, & low morale Mao Zedong Supported by Soviet Union Northern China Promised land reform Popular amongst peasants

China Becomes Communist Chiang Kai-Shek fled to Taiwan People’s Republic of China formed Americans stunned & fearful- containment didn’t work!

The Korean War 1950-1953

Post-WW2 Japan controlled Korea during WW2 Japanese… North of 38th parallel surrendered to the Soviet Union South of 38th parallel surrendered to the U.S.

Korea Divided Communist North Korea Democratic South Korea Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Capitol= Pyongyang North Korea South Korea Democratic Republic of Korea Capitol= Seoul

Stage 1: North Korea Attacks South Korea June 1949- only 500 American troops still in South Korea USSR sent tanks, planes, $$ to aid North Korea June 1950- North Korea push in South Korea South Korea asks UN for help 520,000 troops (90%=American) Led by General Douglas MacArthur

North Korea had pushed South Korea all the way to the Pusan Perimeter By Sept. 1950 North Korea had pushed South Korea all the way to the Pusan Perimeter

Stage 2: US in Korea Sept. 1950- UN troops land in Inchon on west coast and push north from Pusan and station ships along coast North Koreans were surrounded fled back across 38th parallel

Stage 3: China Gets Involved UN army chased North Korea all the way to Yalu River (border with China) Seemed like Korea was going to be united again China (Communist) freaked out- sent troops to help North Korea Wanted North Korea as buffer and US to leave coastal waters

Stage 4: Stalemate Chinese helped North Korea drive UN troops South back across 38th parallel Bloody stalemate for 2 years

MacArthur Wants to Attack China Wanted to end stalemate by using nuclear weapons in China Truman refused China and USSR had mutual assistance pact Use of nuclear weapons could start WW3

MacArthur vs. Truman MacArthur tried to go over the president’s head by publicly criticizing him Truman (commander-in-chief) fired MacArthur Public controversy

Stage 5: Settling for Stalemate June 1951 Both sides agreed on 2 things: Cease-fire line at 38th parallel Demilitarized zone (DMZ) between the 2 sides

Effects High costs for an unsuccessful war 54,000 American soldiers died $67 Billion spent Americans reject Democrats & elect Eisenhower Increased fear of communism and led to hunt for American communists

Truman accused of being soft on communism Set up Loyalty Review Board Purpose: investigate government employees and dismiss those disloyal to the U.S. government Investigated 3.2 million employees; dismissed 212; 2,900 resigned

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Investigated communist influence in Hollywood

Believed hearings were unconstitutional & refused to answer questions Hollywood Ten Believed hearings were unconstitutional & refused to answer questions Sent to prison Hollywood blacklisted 500 actors, directors, writers, and producers Careers ruined because they couldn’t get work

Spy Cases: Alger Hiss Accused of being a spy U.S. unable to charge him with espionage, so they charge him with perjury (lying under oath) Richard Nixon gained fame by pursuing charges against him Eventually became President

Spy Cases: The Rosenbergs Couple accused of leaking secrets about the atomic bomb to the Soviets Especially scary for Americans because the Soviets exploded an atomic bomb at the same time, about 5 years earlier than Americans expected

Joseph McCarthy Republican Senator from Wisconsin Most famous anti-communist activist Ineffective leader; needed a winning issue to be reelected

“McCarthyism” Played on American fears of communism in the 1950s Recklessly accused many American officials and citizens of being communists based on rumor or guilt by association.

“McCarthyism” Unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence

The Space Race Competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union Led the U.S. to fund math and science education

First artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union Sputnik I First artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union Americans shocked at being beaten by Soviets Began pouring money into own space program to catch up One year later, launched own satellite

Eisenhower’s Open Skies Policy At the 1955 Geneva Summit, Eisenhower proposed that both the USSR and US allow each other to fly in other’s air space Rejected by Soviet Union

US began making secret high-altitude flights over USSR U-2 Planes US began making secret high-altitude flights over USSR Infrared cameras took detailed pictures of troop movement and missile sites

U-2 Incident Francis Gary Powers and his U-2 plane shot down in Soviet territory Sentenced to 10 years in prison Eisenhower denied that the US had been spying Soviets had evidence and he was later forced to admit it but refused to apologize Kruschev angrily called off summit planned between the US and USSR and denounced Eisenhower Tensions worse than ever