Chapter 2: Inventions and Origins

© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Objectives Produce a short motion picture in a collaborative group using visual storytelling. Investigate the origins and basic optical principles of motion pictures. Evaluate the effectiveness of visual communication in a variety of moving images. © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Projecting and Playing with Light Magic lantern Phenakistoscope Zoetrope Praxinoscope Emile Reynaud, later developed Théâtre Optique Zoopraxiscope Eadward Muybridge, first projected moving images © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Photography Camera obscura & pinhole camera First permanent photograph Niépce’s heliography Camera & film Lens Shutter Negative Film roll © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Photography in Motion Eadward Muybridge Series of successive images Etienne-Jules Marey Photographic gun Edison Studios & W.K.L. Dickson Kinetograph Kinetoscope Lumière brothers Cinematograph © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Early Motion Pictures Lumière studios Sprinkling the Sprinkler, Arrival of a Train… Georges Méliès Editing shots, superimposition, matte shots, dissolves, and simple camera movement G.A. Smith Simple continuity and extreme close-ups Courtesy Star Film/Photofest © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Further Steps in Narrative Sequences Building Sequences Edwin S. Porter Life of an American Fireman The Great Train Robbery Alice Guy Blaché Use of close-up to build narrative Cross-cutting Courtesy Photofest © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Editing: Tools and Standard Steps Splicer Trim bin Viewing systems Moviola Flat-bed editing machine Steps in process Assembly Rough cut Fine cut and final cut © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Editing: Key Developments Eyeline matches Reverse shot Insert shot Cutaway shot Kuleshov effect Establishing shot Meaning created between shots © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning “Silent” Films? Musical accompaniment Piano or organ Small ensembles or orchestras Sound effects Narrators, such as benshi in Japan Sync sound, such as chronophone © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Summary In Chapter 2, you investigated the initial developments of motion picture technology and the communicative discoveries of early filmmakers. You studied devices such as the magic lantern, Kinetoscope, and cinematograph as well as the communicative advances of such filmmakers as Georges Méliès, G.A. Smith, Alice Guy Blaché, and Edwin S. Porter. In the work of this unit, you are exploring the basics of cinematic narrative using visual sequences to articulate your thoughts, stories, and emotions. Like the early filmmakers, you can use sound as an expressive resource as you transmit ideas visually. © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning