Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 82-92 (January 2009) Mycolic Acids Constitute a Scaffold for Mycobacterial Lipid Antigens Stimulating CD1- Restricted T Cells  Emilie Layre, Anthony Collmann, Max Bastian, Sabrina Mariotti, Jerzy Czaplicki, Jacques Prandi, Lucia Mori, Steffen Stenger, Gennaro De Libero, Germain Puzo, Martine Gilleron  Chemistry & Biology  Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 82-92 (January 2009) DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.008 Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Immunogenicity of Lipidic Fractions from Various Bacterial Species of the CMN Group (A and B) IFN-γ release was used to quantify T cell activation and expressed in nanograms per milliliter (mean ± SD; n = 3). The data are representative of three independent experiments. Chemistry & Biology 2009 16, 82-92DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.008) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Fractionation of M. bovis BCG “Methanol-Insoluble” Lipid Pool and Immunogenicity of the Isolated Fractions (A) TLC analysis of eight representative fractions (1, 3, 5, 10, 18, 19, 28, and 34) obtained by silica gel chromatography of “methanol-insoluble” lipids. The encircled spot corresponds to the active compound. (B) The same fractions were tested for stimulation of Z5B71 T cells. IFN-γ release was used to quantify T cell activation and expressed in nanograms per milliliter (mean ± SD; n = 3). The data are representative of three independent experiments. Chemistry & Biology 2009 16, 82-92DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.008) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Positive Mode MALDI-TOF MS Analysis of M. bovis BCG GroMM (A) and of the Mycolic Acids Obtained after Saponification of M. bovis BCG GroMM (B) (A and B) The asterisk corresponds to a contaminant. (C) Table showing the calculated masses of the sodium adduct ions of the expected mycolic acids and of the corresponding GroMM. Chemistry & Biology 2009 16, 82-92DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.008) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 1H NMR Analysis of GroMM The structure of M. bovis BCG GroMM is in presented in (A). Specific GroMM protons signals are annotated a to k, and are assigned on the structure of the major forms of M. bovis BCG GroMM, esterified by ketomycolic acids. n1 = 19, 21, or 23; n2 and n4 = 15, 17, or 19; n3 = 12 to 17. (B and C) 1H NMR analysis of synthetic (R)-1-O-mycoloyl-glycerol (B) and (S)-1-O-mycoloyl-glycerol (C). R corresponds to mycolic acid. (D and E) 1H NMR analysis of M. bovis BCG GroMM. Chemistry & Biology 2009 16, 82-92DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.008) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Biological Activities of Hemisynthetic GroMM, M. bovis BCG Mycolate Derivatives, and C. glutamicum and M. phlei GlcMM (A–C) In C32 or C80 s(S)- or s(R)- GroMM, C32 corresponds to corynomycolic acids and C80 to mycolic acids whereas (S) corresponds to (S)-1-O-mycoloyl-glycerol and (R) to (R)-1-O-mycoloyl-glycerol. IFN-γ release was used to quantify activation of the T cell clone Z5B71 and expressed in nanograms per milliliter (mean ± SD; n = 3). The data are representative of three independent experiments. Chemistry & Biology 2009 16, 82-92DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.008) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Functional In Vitro and Ex Vivo Activities of the GroMM-Specific T Cells CD1b-restricted and CD1e-independent presentation of GroMM using THP-1 transfected cells (A) and mAbs-mediated inhibition of GroMM-induced T cell activation (B) using a GroMM-containing fraction. In (C), THP-1-CD1b (▪) and THP-1-CD1b-CD1e (•) transfected cells were used. Activation of Z5B71 T cells by DCs pulsed with heat-killed M. tuberculosis (D) or infected with living M. tuberculosis (E). Release of TNF-α (A and B) or IFN-γ (C–G) was used to quantify activation of Z5B71 T cells and expressed in picograms or nanograms per milliliter (mean ± SD; n = 3). The data are representative of three independent experiments. Ex vivo reactivity to GroMM: PBMCs from naive (n = 10), BCG-vaccinated (n = 22), or latently infected healthy donors (n = 19) and tuberculosis patients (n = 11) were stimulated with GroMM in the presence of autologous DCs. After 6 days culture, supernatant was collected and IFN-γ concentration determined by ELISA (F). Medium controls (not shown) were similar for the different donor cohorts and on average below 3 pg/ml. In ten PPD-positive, healthy donors, the restriction was determined by GroMM stimulation in the presence or absence of a cocktail of CD1 type 1 blocking antibodies (G). Black circles show individual donors, horizontal bars represent the average for each group. One asterisk indicates a confidence interval of >95%; two asterisks indicate a confidence interval of >99%; and a confidence interval of <95% was considered to be nonsignificant. Chemistry & Biology 2009 16, 82-92DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.008) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Structural Models Explaining the Cross-Reactivity between GlcMM and GroMM The glycosyl and glyceryl units were both in close contact with R79. (A) Model of CD1b-GlcMM complex. (B) Model of CD1b-GroMM complex. (C) Superimposition of the two structures, with the glyceryl unit well positioned on part of the glucosyl ring. Chemistry & Biology 2009 16, 82-92DOI: (10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.11.008) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions