VERB RECOGNITION
PERSONAL ENDINGS ACTIVE -ō/m -s -t -mus -tis -nt IMPERATIVE: -[zero] -te PASSIVE/DEPONENT -or/r -ris -tur -mur -minī -ntur IMPERATIVE: -re
THEME VOWELS - A -ā (swallowed by `ō’, shortened by `nt’, final `m’, final `t’, or final `r’) present tense of –āre verbs: e.g. clāmant, they shout (after `b’) imperfect: e.g. laudābāminī, you (pr.) were being praised (after `er’) imperfect of sum, pluperfect of any verb: e.g. laudāverant, they had praised (in –am/-ar) `I’ form of future of -ere and -īre verbs: e.g. loquar, I will speak
THEME VOWELS - E -ē/e (never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ , final `t’ or final `r’ ) present tense of –ēre verbs: e.g. vidēris, you (sing.) are seen future tense of –ere and –īre verbs: e.g. dīcet, he/she will say; loquēris, you will speak; audient, they will listen (only if short before passive/dep. ending –ris) present of –ere verb: e.g. loqueris, you (sing.) speak
THEME VOWELS - I -ī/i (never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ or final `t’) present tense of –īre verbs and (with a short `i’ all the time) of –ere verbs like regō, capiō: e.g. contendit, hastens; interficimus, we kill (after a perfect stem) perfect tense: e.g. amāvit, he/she loved, vīdimus, we saw (after `b’) future tense of - āre and -ēre verbs: e.g. ambulābimus, we will walk (after `er’) future tense of sum, future perfect or perfect subjunctive of all verbs: e.g. cucurrerint, they will have run / they have run
THEME VOWELS -U -u (usually only before `nt’) present tense of –ere and –īre verbs: reguntur, they are ruled; audiunt, they hear (after `b’) future tense of 1st or 2nd. Conj. e.g. amābunt (with `er’) future tense of sum: e.g. erunt, they will be (after `ēr’) perfect tense: e.g. aedificāvērunt, they have built
SPECIAL ENDINGS TO REMEMBER SEPARATELY -istī, -istis: singular and plural `you’ in perfect tense: Cūr mē relīquistī, Why have you left me? -ī: `I’ in perfect tense or (with present stem base) passive infinitive: Eam invēnī, I’ve found her Urbs defendī nōn potest, The city cannot be defended theme vowel plus -re: infinitive or passive/deponent singular imperative/indicative Volunt abīre, They want to go away Loquere Speak! OR You (sing.) are speaking. theme vowel plus –rī: passive infinitive Nōlunt spectārī, They don’t want to be watched perfect base plus -isse: perfect infinitive Sciō eum opus perfēcisse, I know he has finished the work theme vowel without ending: singular imperative Cantā, Sing! Curre, Run! theme vowel plus –te: plural imperative Cantāte, Sing! Currite, Run! theme vowel plus –bor; `I’ form of future (passive/deponent) Docēbor, I will be taught
capiunt
capiunt -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject
capiunt -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject -u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present tense
capiunt -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject -u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present tense They capture
loquiminī
loquiminī -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent
loquiminī -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent -i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b’, so present tense or imperative
loquiminī -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent -i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b’, so present tense or imperative you (plural) speak Speak!
currēbat
currēbat -t, so he/she or singular noun subject
currēbat -t, so he/she or singular noun subject -ba-, so imperfect
currēbat -t, so he/she or singular noun subject -ba-, so imperfect He/she was running
faciēmus
faciēmus -mus, so `we’
faciēmus -mus, so `we’ -e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere), so future
faciēmus -mus, so `we’ -e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere) f, so future We will do
dēfenduntur
dēfenduntur -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent
dēfenduntur -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent -u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present
dēfenduntur -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent -u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present (they) are defended
vidēbāris
vidēbāris -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent
vidēbāris -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent -bā- so imperfect
vidēbāris -ris, so you (sing.), passive/deponent -bā- so imperfect You were being seen
laudāverant
laudāverant -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject
laudāverant -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject -era- after perfect base so pluperfect
laudāverant -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject -era- after perfect base so pluperfect (they) had praised
sequere
sequere -re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative or indicative 2nd. person singular
You (sing.) are following sequere -re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative or indicative 2nd. person singular Follow! OR You (sing.) are following
aedificāverimus
aedificāverimus -mus, so `we’
aedificāverimus -mus, so `we’ -eri- after perfect base so future perfect
aedificāverimus -mus, so `we’ -eri- after perfect base so future perfect We will have built
cōnābor
cōnābor -bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent
cōnābor -bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent I will try
dēfendī -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?
dēfendī -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities? EITHER the passive infinitive
dēfendī -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities? EITHER the passive infinitive OR the `I’ form of the perfect
dēfendī -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities? EITHER the passive infinitive OR the `I’ form of the perfect To be defended OR I defended
audiētis
audiētis -tis, so you (plr.)
audiētis -tis, so you (plr.) -ē- on an –īre verb (audiō, audīre), so future
audiētis -tis, so you (plr.) -ē- on an –īre verb (audiō, audīre), so future You (plr.) will listen
canēmus
canēmus -mus, so `we’
canēmus -mus, so `we’ -ē- on an –ere verb (canō, cantere), so future
canēmus -mus, so `we’ -ē- on an –ere verb (canō, cantere), so future We will sing