The Regulation of Cell Size Alison C. Lloyd  Cell  Volume 154, Issue 6, Pages 1194-1205 (September 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.053 Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Growth Pathways A highly simplified cartoon outlining the major known signaling pathways that regulate cell growth. For more mechanistic details, please see the following excellent reviews: Laplante and Sabatini (2012), van Riggelen et al. (2010), and Yu and Guan (2013). Cell 2013 154, 1194-1205DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.053) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Extracellular Signals that Regulate Cell Size (A) A set level of growth factors can allow cells to grow to a specific size. One mechanism may be that, as a cell grows, it ingests and degrades more growth factor until an equilibrium is achieved between the level of factor and the size of the cell. (B) The amount of NGF produced by the target tissue controls the size of the neurons that innervate the target. (C) The amount of ligand (green diamond) is proportional to the size of the axon and controls the growth of the surrounding Schwann cell. (D) Flow is detected by the primary cilium on kidney epithelial cells and negatively regulates cell size. Cell 2013 154, 1194-1205DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.053) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Size Simplified cartoon of the main signaling pathways that maintain and can change the size of skeletal muscle. Biogenic pathways are shown in blue, negative regulators are shown in cream, and the pathways activated during muscle atrophy are shown in green. Negative-feedback loops of both pathways are indicated. Cell 2013 154, 1194-1205DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.053) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Independent Regulation of Cell Growth and Cell Proliferation Cell 2013 154, 1194-1205DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.053) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Loss of Homeostatic Size Control in the Adult Results in Disease and Aging Cell 2013 154, 1194-1205DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.053) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions