Energy Resources By Dr. Swati Dixit

Energy Resources : A natural resource that can be converted by humans into forms of energy in order to do useful work!

Evaluating Energy Resources About three-quarters of the world’s commercial energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels, and the rest comes from nonrenewable nuclear fuel and renewable sources. Energy resources are classified as: NONRENEWABLE RENEWABLE

Non Renewable Energy These are energy resources that cannot be replaced after they have been used or need thousands to millions of years to be replaced.

Coal, Petroleum, And Natural Gas Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.

How Are Oil And Gas Made ???

How Is Coal Made ???

Coal facts…. Was formed 255-350 million years ago 4 types of coal –Anthracite ,Bituminous ,Lignite ,Peat India has high coal deposits in Bokaro, Jharia, Raniganj, Singrauli, Godavari Valley, Chandrapur. Coal Is in abundance But Dirty Fuel Used in electricity production World’s most abundant fossil fuel U.S. reserves should last about 250 years Sulfur and particulate pollutants ,Mercury and radioactive pollutants

Heat produced by burning pulverized coal in a furnace boils water to produce steam that spins a turbine to produce electricity. The steam is cooled, condensed, and returned to the boiler for reuse. Waste heat can be transferred to the atmosphere or to a nearby source of water. The largest coal-burning power plant in the United States, located in Indiana, burns three 100-car trainloads of coal per day

Petroleum or Crude Oil Also called light oil Trapped underground or under ocean with natural gas Crude oil is the single largest source of commercial energy in world and U.S. Proven oil reserves Can be extracted profitably at today’s prices with modern technology It’s a mixture of hydrocarbons needs to be purified and refined before use

Natural gas Natural Gas Is a Useful and Clean-burning Fossil Fuel Compressed natural gas Synthetic natural gas Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Less carbon dioxide emitted per unit of energy than with crude oil, tar sand, shale oil World supply of conventional natural gas – 62-125 years

Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy. Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone!

NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION

Facts Tremendous potential Disaster if leakage happens Energy potential high but not highly exploited in India 4 plants currently: Capacity 2005 MW Tarapur Kota Kalpakkam Narora

Renewable Energy Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time. Solar Geothermal Wind Biomass Hydro-power Tidal energy

Solar Energy Sustainability mostly depends on solar energy Direct form: from the sun Nuclear fusion reactions occur inside the sun and release tremendous energy 1.4 kilojoules second/m2

Solar devices Solar heat collectors Solar cells Solar cooker Solar water heater Solar furnace and Solar power plants

Using Solar Energy to Heat Buildings and Water Passive solar heating system Active solar heating system

Photovoltaic (PV) or solar cells can provide electricity for a house or building using solar cell roof shingles, as shown in this house in Richmond Surrey, England. Solar-cell roof systems that look like a metal roof are also available. In addition, new thin-film solar cells can be applied to windows and outside walls.

Wind Energy Freely available source of energy Minimum wind speed required 15 km/hr World’s second fastest-growing source of energy India´s Potential is 20,000 MW Vast potential Land Offshore

Hydro Power: Producing Electricity from Flowing Water

Facts.. Hydropower Dams and reservoirs Micro-hydro generators Leading renewable energy source Much unused capacity Dams and reservoirs Turbines generate electricity Eventually fill with silt Micro-hydro generators Potential of India : 4 X 10 11KW-hours

Geothermal Energy Energy by Tapping the Earth’s Internal Heat Geothermal heat pumps Hydrothermal reservoirs Steam Hot water Deep geothermal energy New Zealand, U.S.A have successful working plants

Tidal Energy Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power - mainly electricity. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tidal stream generators (or TSGs) make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines that use wind to power turbines.

Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the difference in height (or head) between high and low tides. Barrages are essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary.

Ocean Thermal Energy

Biomass Energy Biomass Common in developing countries Wood Agricultural waste Plantations Charcoal Animal manure Common in developing countries Carbon dioxide increase in atmosphere

Converting Plant Matter to Liquid Biofuel Biofuels Ethanol and biodiesel Crops can be grown in most countries Sustainability

Liquid fuel from Corn

Biogas Mixture of Methane, Carbon dioxide, hydrogen etc Produced by anaerobic degradation of animal waste in presence of water Non polluting, clean and low cost fuel Two types of biogas plants Floating dome type Fixed dome type

Process

Types of Biogas Plant

Installed float type

Hydrogen as Fuel Hydrogen is environmentally friendly Thermal dissociation, photolysis or electrolysis of water Problems Net energy yield is negative Fuel is expensive Air pollution depends on production method Storage

A Fact Recycling just one aluminum can saves enough energy to run a television set for four hours!

REDUCE , REUSE, RECYCLE

Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future?

Solutions Decentralized power system in which electricity is produced by a large number of dispersed, small-scale micropower systems. Some would produce power on site; others would feed the power they produce into a modern electrical distribution system. Over the next few decades, many energy and financial analysts expect a shift to this type of power system, largely based on locally available renewable energy resources.

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