IMPERIALISM & WORLD WAR I American History II - Unit 3

Review What are some similarities in the way the US handled Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines after the S-A War? US did not give freedom, US maintained some sort of military presence, and US set up a controlled and limited form of government American imperialistic attitudes and the Open Door policies in China reflected what 3 key beliefs about America as a global power at the turn of the 20th century? US economy should rely on exports (need foreign markets) US had the right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open The closing of an area threatened America’s growth and influence In what ways did American activity in the Caribbean and the Philippines contradict the Monroe Doctrine of 1823? US was supposed to protect Latin American countries from Europe… In the name of protection, the US is exerting control over smaller countries (Cuba, Puerto Rico) US was supposed to stay out of the western hemisphere… US presence in the Philippines is a direct violation of this

3.4 – AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER

Roosevelt: The Peacekeeper 1901 – McKinley assassinated, Roosevelt POTUS! Wanted to continue America’s growth as a global presence Using Open Door policies to increase American influence in east Asia, Roosevelt mediated a conflict between Russia and Japan. 1904 – Russo-Japanese War over power of Korea, Japan successful but running out of $ 1905 - Japan asked Roosevelt to mediate peace agreements (met in New Hampshire on a yacht)  Treaty of Portsmouth Japan got power in Korea and Manchuria Russia and Japan split Sakhalin Island (off Russia coast) Roosevelt won1906 Noble Peace Prize

Roosevelt and the Panama Canal A canal in Central America would reduce travel time for commercial and military ships  shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Nicaragua – longer but crossed a large lake Panama –shorter but crossed mountains and swamps France had tried to build in Panama but gave up, land difficult to work with  1903, Roosevelt and Congress approve to buy French plans for $40M and plan construction.

Roosevelt and the Panama Canal Panama owned by Columbia, US needed permission to build  unsuccessful negotiations with Columbia US encouraged Panamanians to rebel  1903 - Panama declares independence, US war ships observe Proof of global presence and naval strength 1903 – US-Panama treaty to begin construction on canal US paid $10M up front, $250,000 annual rent for Canal Zone Payments to begin in 1913

Roosevelt and the Panama Canal 1904-1914 – Panama Canal construction Over 43,000 workers – Italian, Spanish, blacks from Caribbean Over 5,600 died (disease, accidents) $380M cost – one of the greatest engineering feats of the time August 15, 1914 – Opened for business Shortened journey by 8,000 miles US-Latin American relations damaged – US paid $25M to Columbia, still ill-will 1999 – US gave full control of canal to Panama

How the Panama Canal Works

Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy Foreign policy – how a gov’t/administration/politician approaches dealing with other nations Differs depending on specific attitudes on how to best handle international conflicts Roosevelt’s foreign policy  “speak softly and carry a big stick” aka “Big Stick Diplomacy” Combination of intelligent and effective diplomacy (speak softly) and ever-present threat of military force (carry a big stick)

Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy Late 1800s – many Latin American countries borrowed $ from European banks to build railroads and develop industries Roosevelt feared that if the loans were not repaid, European countries would interfere in the western hemisphere  Roosevelt determined to make the US the main power in the Caribbean and Latin America Latin America

Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy “Chronic wrongdoing… may ultimately require intervention by some civilized nations, an in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States… to the exercise of an international police power.” - Roosevelt Corollary December 1904 – Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1823) Declared that the US would use military force to protect US economic interests in Latin America against European advances Latin America - pay back your loans and we won’t have to interfere Europe – don’t interfere in our hemisphere, we will use our military force on you too Roosevelt Corollary text – “speak softly” Threat of military force – “carry a big stick”

Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy Taft POTUS 1909-1913  focused less on military intervention, more on financial intervention “substituting dollars for bullets” but would send troops if provoked Dollar diplomacy – US supplied money to prevent Latin American and Caribbean countries from defaulting on foreign loans Economic stability in these areas  prevent European involvement EX: 1911 - Nicaragua faced bankruptcy US gave $ to pay back loans and US bankers took control of gov’t owned railroads and national bank Nicaragua rebelled  US squashed it with troops US – Latin American tension increased

Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy Wilson POTUS 1913-1921 – believed the US had a moral obligation to support democracy and stop oppressive gov’ts Wilson’s Moral (aka Missionary) Diplomacy – the US had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests Before Wilson, the US recognized any gov’t regardless of the nation’s policies or how the leaders rose to power  Wilson wanted to pressure nations in the western hemisphere to be democratic and support US interests Would use military force if provoked

Moral Diplomacy and Mexico 1911 – Mexicans overthrew dictator Porfirio Diaz  Francisco Madero in power promising to institute reforms 1913 – General Victoriano Huerta executed Madero and took control of gov’t  Wilson refused to recognize gov’t – “gov’t of butchers” 1914 – American sailors arrested off Mexican coast, Mexico apologized  Wilson’s excuse for military intervention, sent Marines to occupy Mexican port Veracruz  brink of war with Mexico 1915 - Huerta regime collapsed before war could ensue, Venustanio Carranza became president  Wilson recognized the Carranza gov’t

Moral Diplomacy and Mexico Not all Mexicans pleased with Carranza – rebels led by Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata, threatened action against US for recognizing Carranza gov’t Americans killed in Mexico at hands of Villa supporters, Villa blamed by US  Wilson sent troops to Mexican border 15,000 troops under Brigadier General John J. Pershing into Mexico to find Villa 150,000 National Guardsmen at border US troops retreated in 1917 (after clashes with Mexican troops) as US entered World War I Roosevelt vs. Wilson Foreign Policies

US Imperialist Attitudes in the 20th Century Expand access to foreign markets to ensure continued economic growth and power Build a strong military, especially Navy, to protect the US as well as economic interests Ethnocentrism, US culturally superior to “uncivilized” countries US acts as an international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America