Tek. Bioenergi (TKK-2129) Instructor: Rama Oktavian 18/19 Semester ganjil Tek. Bioenergi (TKK-2129) Instructor: Rama Oktavian Email: Oktavian.rama2@gmail.com

Outlines 1. Biofuel 2. 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation 3. Biofuel in Indonesia

Biofuel  fuel made/derived from biomass. Biofuel definition What are biofuels Biofuels are fossil fuel substitutes that can be made from a range of agricultural crops and other sources of biomass. The two most common current Biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuel  fuel made/derived from biomass.

Biofuel definition Why Biomass Among all renewable energy resources, biomass is the only resource that can be converted in a relatively direct way into fuels (to substitute petroleum fuels). Recall : Transportation sector is heavily dependent on fuel !.

Biofuel definition Why Biomass Biomass is biological material derived from living organisms - 4th largest energy source behind coal, oil, and natural gas - Annual global primary production of biomass is around 4500 EJ (as compared to global world consumption of 559.8 EJ in 2012) -Only 0.5-1.7% of global agricultural land is devoted to energy crops for biomass fuels

Counterpart biofuels of petroleum fuels Biofuel definition Counterpart biofuels of petroleum fuels Petroleum fuel Counterpart biofuel Petroleum diesel fuels Biodiesel fuels Gasoline Bioethanol Kerosene Biogas Biokerosene¶ ¶ Plant-based (hydrocarbon) oils having combustion/burning characteristics nearly similar to kerosene.

Biofuel definition Why Biofuels have become a key issue? Energy security (increasing oil prices, need for alternative source of energy) To decrease greenhouse gas emission To promote rural development

Biofuel definition Why Biofuels have become a key issue?

Biofuel definition A NEW DILEMMA IN FOOD SECURITY FOOD INCREASED COMPETITION LIMITED NATURAL RESOURCES BIOFUELS CROPS

Biomass to energy technology Biomass conversion into energy Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass to energy technology 1st generation of biofuel Biofuel made from sugar, starchy crops, vegetable oil or animal fat using conventional technology. The starch from the basic feedstocks is fermented into bioethanol, or the vegetable oil through chemical process to biodiesel. These feedstocks could instead enter the animal or human food chain. They don’t seem to be more environment friendly than the fossil fuels.

Biomass to energy technology FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS PRODUCTION SCHEME Sunlight PLANTS SUGARS Biofuels BIOFUELS ENZYMES

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass to energy technology 2nd generation of biofuel Second Generation Biofuels come from Woody crops and grasses species (lignocellulosic) Advantages vs 1st generation: Increase quantitative potential for biofuel generation per hectare Grow on poor, degradated soils where food crop production is not optimal (Jatropha). Less effects on commodity markets

Biomass to energy technology 2nd generation of biofuel Disadvantages: More of these species can be invasive and have negative impacts on water resources, biodiversity and agriculture At the moment they are still more expensive than fossil fuels Still under research and development for a significant commercial scale

Biomass to energy technology 1st Generation 2nd Generation Feedstock Food Crops (e.g. corn, sugarcane, soybeans) Energy Crops (e.g. miscanthus), Agricultural Waste (e.g. bagasse) Main sugar component Starch Cellulose, hemicellulose Product Ethanol or Biodiesel Cellulosic Ethanol Example

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass to energy technology

Biomass to energy technology 3rd generation of biofuel The third generation biofuels come from algae, that are low-input, high-yield feedstock to produce Biofuels

Biomass to energy technology 3rd generation of biofuel

Biomass to energy technology 3rd generation of biofuel 30 - 100 times more energy productive and effective The Biomass leftover from oil pressing can be used for animal feeding and ethanol production Processing Biofuel from algae can capture large amount of CO2 They are relatively easy to grow, but the algal oil is hard and expensive to extract

Biomass to energy technology Cheap Biofuels Technology How to apply biofuels in developing countries? Fermentation Simple and cheap technology that any agronomic-based economic country could use. Transesterification Relatively simple process that could be done even at home.

Biomass to energy technology NATIONAL ENERGY PLANNING to 2025: Environmental Issue: Global Warming Air Pollution Acid Rain Health Population Increase: Increase in Economic Growth: Increase in Living Standard - Energy Demand Increase - Electricity Demand Increase TYPE OF ENERGY SELECTION Environment INFRASTRUCTUR ENERGY RESOURCES SOCIAL-CULTURE GEOPOLITIC ECONOMY Fosil Energy NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Hiydro, Microhydro Solar, wind, biofuel, geothermal, hidrogen, FC OIL COAL Gas Nuclear BASED ON NATURAL RESOURCES BASED ON TECHNOLOGY

Biomass to energy technology Biofuel di Indonesia https://gapki.id/news/3250/perkembangan-biodiesel-di-indonesia-dan-terbesar-di-asia

Biomass to energy technology Biofuel di Indonesia https://gapki.id/news/3250/perkembangan-biodiesel-di-indonesia-dan-terbesar-di-asia

Biomass to energy technology Biofuel di Indonesia Arya Hadi, dkk. 2018. Pengembangan bioenergi di Indonesia:Peluang dan tantangan kebijakan industri biodiesel. CIFOR

Biomass to energy technology Biofuel di Indonesia Arya Hadi, dkk. 2018. Pengembangan bioenergi di Indonesia:Peluang dan tantangan kebijakan industri biodiesel. CIFOR

Thank You !