Three-dimensional shoulder kinematics during a pressure relief technique and wheelchair transfer1 Deborah A Nawoczenski, PhD, PT, Shannon M Clobes, MS,

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Three-dimensional shoulder kinematics during a pressure relief technique and wheelchair transfer1 Deborah A Nawoczenski, PhD, PT, Shannon M Clobes, MS, PT, Stephanie L Gore, MS, PT, Jennifer L Neu, MS, PT, John E Olsen, MS, PT, John D Borstad, PT, Paula M Ludewig, PhD, PT Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Volume 84, Issue 9, Pages 1293-1300 (September 2003) DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00260-0

Fig 1 Subject (A) at the beginning of the lift phase with trunk, scapular, and humeral sensors (indicated by arrows) and (B) at the peak of the weight raise. Phases of motion during the weight-relief raise were identified by using (C) humeral and trunk displacement data. Vertical lines delineate the start and endpoints for each phase (phase 1, preparatory [prep]; phase 2, lift; phase 3, hold; phase 4, descent). The solid line indicates trunk vertical displacement relative to the transmitter. The dashed line indicates humeral elevation angle relative to the thorax. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003 84, 1293-1300DOI: (10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00260-0)

Fig 2 Scapular motions. For the scapula, xs is directed laterally from the root of the scapular spine to the AC joint, ys is directed anteriorly perpendicular to the plane of the scapula, and zs is directed superiorly perpendicular to xs and ys. Modified and reprinted with permission from Ludewig PM. Functional anatomy and biomechanics. Home Study Course 11.1 Solutions to Shoulder Disorders. La Crosse (WI): Orthopaedic Section, APTA; 2001. © 2001, Orthopaedic Section, APTA Inc. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003 84, 1293-1300DOI: (10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00260-0)

Fig 3 Subject initiating a transfer (A) from the wheelchair to a mat table of equal height, (B) midtransfer, and (C) at the end of the transfer. Phases of the wheelchair transfer were identified by using (D) humeral and trunk displacement data. Vertical lines delineate the start and endpoints for each phase (phase 1, preparatory; phase 2, lift/pivot; phase 3, sit back). The solid line indicates trunk displacement relative to the transmitter (anterior trunk movement is graphically downward). The dashed line indicates humeral elevation angle relative to the thorax. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003 84, 1293-1300DOI: (10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00260-0)

Fig 4 Means and SEs for (A) scapular upward rotation and internal rotation and (B) anterior and posterior tipping and humeral internal and external rotation angles during a weight-relief raise (phase 1, preparatory; phase 2, lift; phase 3, hold). ∗Significant differences between phases 1 and 2 and phases 1 and 3. #Significant differences between phases 1 and 3. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003 84, 1293-1300DOI: (10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00260-0)

Fig 5 Means and SEs for (A) scapular upward rotation and internal rotation and (B) anterior and posterior tipping and humeral internal and external rotation angles between the leading and trailing arm directions for different phases of the transfer (phase 1, preparatory; phase 2, lift/pivot; phase 3, sit back). The solid line indicates leading arm transfer direction. The dashed line indicates trailing arm direction. +Significant difference between leading and trailing arm transfer direction. #Significant differences between phases 1 and 3. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003 84, 1293-1300DOI: (10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00260-0)