Title: The Rise and Height of Rome Date: February 4th, 2019 Page Number: 76 EQ: How did Rome become such a powerful empire?

Section One The Rule of Augustus

Review… Beginning of the Empire Think back to when we first learned about Rome. Julius Caesar had become very powerful and other leaders were jealous of him. Members of the senate stabbed him to death and his nephew took over. Caesar’s will named his grand-nephew Octavian as his heir. He was a good leader like his uncle.

For control, he had every soldier swear allegiance to him. Augustus was a clever politician, who held the offices of consul, tribune, high priest, and senator all at the same time. Augustus kept the assemblies and government officials of the republic, yet strengthened his authority in two ways: For control, he had every soldier swear allegiance to him. 2. He built up his imperial household to take charge of the daily business of government. He gave enslaved people and freedmen, or former enslaved people, a chance to be part of of the government.

Augustus pushed Rome’s borders to Augustus pushed Rome’s borders to borders that would be easy to control and defend He gave provincial governors long terms of office and paid them large salaries. To make sure that people did not pay too little or too much tax, Augustus ordered a census, or population count, to be taken from time to time. Augustus ruled for 41 years, bringing peace, patriotism, and pride to the Romans. Most important, however, he reorganized the government of Rome so that it ran well for more than 200 years.

Managing an Empire Huge amounts of roads built to help trade and army “All roads lead to Rome” Augustus set up civil service Paid workers to manage the government After his death the government remain stable even if his successors were not

Section Two Pax Romana

The Pax Romana Begins For 207 years peace & prosperity existed throughout Rome Known as Pax Romana This STARTED when Augustus Caesar began leading Rome, and continued on with 5 other good emperors after him. 90% of Rome were farmers. People had plenty of food. Entire empire used silver coins Huge amount of trade throughout the empire = few economic issues.

Pax Romana: 27 BC – 180 BC

The peace that Augustus brought to. Rome caused its people to prosper, The peace that Augustus brought to Rome caused its people to prosper, civilization spread, and cultures mixed. With peace came increased trade as goods moved freely and safely along trade routes. There were no tariffs, or taxes placed on goods brought into the country. Shipping became a big business, and increased trade meant more business for Romans.

During the Pax Romana, Roman law went through major changes. In writing new laws that would be fair to non- Romans and Romans, Roman judges were helped by special lawyers and legal writers called juris prudentes. Everyone was considered equal before the law and innocent until proven guilty. By about 125 A.D., Roman law was standardized, making legal procedures the same in all parts of the empire.

CAUSE EFFECT Augustus brought 200 years of peace to Rome in the form of the PAX ROMANA. Rome and its people prospered. The same coins were used throughout the empire. Trade increased. Goods and money moved freely along trade routes. No tariffs were placed on goods brought into Rome. It was safe for trade and travel. Ships carried grain from North Africa to Rome. Cargoes of brick, marble, granite and wood were bound for Rome. Luxury items from the north and China passed overland on Roman roads. The Mediterranean Sea was cleared of pirates. Trade increased. Shopkeepers grew richer. Roman merchants had to do business with non-Romans. Rome conquered new territory. Roman judges had to write new laws that would be fair to non-Romans. The Twelve Tables were changed. Principles of law were fair. Everyone was considered equal before the law: innocent until proven guilty. Legal practices were the same in all parts of the empire. Roman law was standardized.

How long did the Pax Romana last? Focus topics for “PAX ROMANA” How long did the Pax Romana last? Name 3 positive things that occurred during the Pax Romana. What was the greatest amount of people in the Roman Empire? What were 2 problems faced by Rome?

Section Three Daily Life

Life in Imperial Rome The heart of Roman society was family The eldest man was the head of the house Can disown children, banish family members or sell family into slavery

In the early years of the empire, about 1 million people lived in Rome In the early years of the empire, about 1 million people lived in Rome. A rich person in Rome lived in a domus, or house, with marble walls, colored stone floors, and windows made of small panes of glass, furnace heating, and running water. Most Romans, however, were not rich. They lived in high-rent apartment houses called islands that were six or more stories high. In Rome, the family was all-important. The father was head of the household; his word was law. After the age of 12, the sons of poor families went to work, while the sons of rich families began their formal education. After the age of 12, the daughters of the had slaves to do their housework to free themselves to study the arts, literature, and fashions.

The Romans enjoyed dice gambling and public bathhouses. Under the empire, the government staged free entertainment, including circuses, chariot races, and gladiatorial games. The people who fought animals and one another in arenas were called gladiators. A few gladiators won their freedom, but those that gave a poor performance were killed, even if they survived the fight.

So, to review… What contributed to the success of the Roman Empire? There was 200+ years without any wars or (major) battles Everyone had a job which helped the economy About 90% were farmers which led to surplus food (agriculture) Entertainment kept citizens from being bored Rome had a huge population Used the same coins, which helped with trade Had a vast (large) trading network Roads helped their army protect them and helped traders travel Rome was at the peak of its power They traded with many places due to the Silk Road like China and India