Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 4

Developmental Theories - Piaget Jean Piaget Deals with Cognitive Development Basic Concepts – Schemes Assimilation Accomodation

Piaget - Accommodation We all know that this is a fork… Even young children know that this is a picture of a fork

Piaget - Accommodation So what do you think happens when we show a child this? Its similar (has two…wait, three tines)…

Developmental Theories - Piaget Sensorimotor Object Permanence Stranger Anxiety Preoperational Pretend Play Egocentrism

Developmental Theories - Piaget Concrete Operational Logic Mental rotation Formal Operations Abstract thought Systematic reasoning

Developmental Theories – Bowlby / Freud Attachment theory Attachment measured by the strange situation experiment

Developmental Theories – Bowlby / Freud Attachment theory Secure Anxious Ambivalent Anxious Avoidant Insecure

Developmental Theories - Harlowe Studied deprivation of attachment Studies Human Correlates

Developmental Theories – Parenting Styles Authoritarian Authoritative Goldilocks Parenting?

Developmental Theories - Ericson Focuses on social development throughout the lifespan

Figure 4.2

Developmental Theories - Kohlberg Lawrence Kohlberg Focuses on

Developmental Theories - Kohlberg Preconventional Stage

Development in action : Young Childhood (0-2yrs) Development Biological, Social and Cognitive Development Development in action : Young Childhood (0-2yrs) Development

Average Physical Growth Average infant birth weight is Average infant length is

Brain Development Newborns brain is approximately of adult weight Increases / changes in physical structure of the brain occur Neural pruning

Brain Development Prefrontal Cortex Experience Expectant

Cognitive Development – 0-2 Years Sleep Nutrition

Nutrition Breast v Bottle Feeding Babies require calories for every pound they weigh Babies should be fed fresh fruits/vegetables when available After months

Motor Development - Reflexes Reflexive Breath Holding * Babinksi Reflex* Tonic Neck Swimming Reflex*

Cognitive Development - Sensorimotor Stage Understanding of the world constructed by coordinating sensory and physical experiences Split into six

Sensorimotor Stage Simple Reflexes Secondary Circular reactions Coordination of secondary circular reactions

Sensorimotor Stage Internalization of schemes (mental combinations)

Learning, Conceptualizing, Remembering Dynamic perception Imitation Attention / Joint Attention Concept formation / Categorization Dynamic perception – the priming of infant perception to movement/change Operant conditioning has been shown to exist within infant samples. Babies can be trained to perform causal actions. Babies will even remember causal activities and perform them when the stimuli is next presented Attention – the focusing of mental resources on select information, linked to habituation and dishabituation Joint attention – starts to emerge at about 7 mo, requires that the individual be able to track another’s behavior, the direction of attention, and a reciprocal interaction Memory – most people can’t remember past their third birthday (without the help of others) due to infantile amnesia, this may be due to the lack of structure within the prefrontal lobes, implicit memory of acquired motor skills seems to be substantial

Emotional Development Different Types of Cries Basic Pain Different Types of Smiles Reflexive

Emotional Development Fear Stranger Anxiety Separation Protest Emotional Regulation

Notes

Notes

What Influences Attachment Styles? Parent – Child Interactions Infant’s Characteristics

Impact of Attachment Both development are impacted

Consequences of Insecure Attachment Development of Psychopathology Anxiety Disorders Reactive Attachment Disorders

Emotional Development Temperament Chess & Thomas’ Classification Difficult Child Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition ( Self Regulation)

Kagan’s Temperamental Classifications Uninhibited (sociable)

Notes

Emotional Development Biological Determinants of Temperament

Stability of Temperament Heritability

Infant - Caregiver Interaction Goodness-of-fit model

Personality Development Erikson’s Development Independence