Where do people move? Where do they go? Why? Movement Where do people move? Where do they go? Why?

Out of Africa – Early Man

What do we know? How do we know it? Using Mitochondrial DNA (passed by mother unchanged to offspring) and Y Chromosome Archaeological Sites Knowledge of climate/ice ages

Who lived here? Why? Why did they leave?

Mesa Verde – 600-1300 AD Pull Factors? Push Factors?

Mesa Verde – Push Factors Drought Overfarming Deforestation Warring tribes? How do we know? Oral History Evidence of Cannibalism Carbon dating DNA

What do you know about this group? Where did they go? What was their purpose?

The Viking – Pull Factors Trade had finally recovered following the Fall of the Roman Empire Monasteries/Churches were sources of wealth Offered bribes to go away Offered Land to stay Conquest and Rule

The Vikings – Push Factors Unemployment – especially young men Not enough arable land Culture glorified battle and victory Norse Gods were warriors

How do we know? Primary sources (attack on monastery at Lindisfarne) Language Genetics

What are the Push/Pull Factors?

Wave One of Migration Colonial Period Most immigrants came from Northwest Europe and especially England Push Factors? Lack of religious freedom Lack of land for farming Lack of ability to own land In Jail/debtors prison Poverty

Pull Factors Land for ownership Lack of religious persecution Adventure Trade/Opportunity

19th Century Push/Pull Most Immigrants still came from Northern Europe Many came from Ireland to escape the Potato Famine Irish tended to stay on the East Coast Germans tended to travel inland in search of farmland

Not all immigration is voluntary

12,000,000 Slaves brought to New World from AFrica Push? Pull?

What type of worldwide immigration was caused by the Holocaust?

Push/Pull Factors Push Pull Displacement Loss of entire communities and families Loss of home Anti-semitism - pogroms Pull Freedom from religious persecution Homeland

United States Israel 400,000 displaced persons 68,000 jews 170,000 displaced persons go to Palestine and Israel

Who is this? Push/Pull? How do we trace?

Impact of Gheghis Khan 16,000,000 people today can trace their ancestry to Ghenghis Khan through the Y – chromosome

Pull Factors Job opportunities Better living conditions Political and/or religious freedom Enjoyment Education Better medical care Attractive climates Security Family links Industry Better chances of marrying

Push Factors Not enough jobs Few opportunities Primitive conditions Desertification Famine or drought Political fear or persecution Slavery or forced labor Poor medical care Loss of wealth Natural disasters Death threats Lack of political or religious freedom Pollution Poor housing Landlord/tenant issues Bullying Discrimination Poor chances of marrying Condemned housing (radon gas, etc.) War